% % This file was created by the Typo3 extension % sevenpack version 0.7.16 % % --- Timezone: CEST % Creation date: 2021-09-17 % Creation time: 12-56-28 % --- Number of references % 322 % @Article { vanBennekomdGSD2021, title = {A Virtual Reality Game to Assess OCD Symptoms}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry}, year = {2021}, volume = {11}, pages = {1640}, abstract = {Background: Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are often underreported by patients and mainly triggered in the patients private domain, making it harder for clinicians to recognize OCD. Virtual reality (VR) can be used to assess OCD symptoms in the clinician's office. We developed a VR game in order to provoke subjective and physiological OCD symptoms. We hypothesize that (1) the VR game provokes more OCD symptoms in patients compared to healthy controls, (2) performing virtual compulsions leads to a reduction in emotional responses in OCD patients and that (3) the severity of VR game provoked symptoms correlates with severity of OCD symptoms. Methods: Participants played the VR game on a laptop while physiological measures were recorded simultaneously. We measured emotional responses, virtual compulsions and physiological arousal in response to our VR game in 26 OCD patients and 26 healthy controls. We determined correlations between emotional responses, virtual compulsions and OCD severity. Results: We found higher levels of VR-provoked anxiety (U = 179.5, p = 0.004) and virtual compulsions in OCD patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.001). There was a significant reduction in emotional responses after performing virtual compulsions in the OCD patients. The emotional responses and virtual compulsions did not correlate significantly with Y-BOCS scores. A baseline difference between patients and healthy controls was found in heart rate variability (HRV), but no significant change in HRV, heartrate and skin conductance was found during the VR game Conclusions: Our study clearly shows our OCD VR game is capable of provoking more anxiety and virtual compulsions in patients with OCD compared to healthy controls. Providing a direct patient-rated measurement in the clinicians room, the VR game could help in assessing core OCD symptoms and recognizing OCD. Clinical Trial Registry Number: Netherlands Trial Register NTR5935.}, keywords = {virtual reality, game, obsessive-compulsive disorder, assessment, diagnosis}, url = {/vuams-pubs/fpsyt-11-550165.pdf}, DOI = {10.3389/fpsyt.2020.550165}, author = {van Bennekom, Martine J. and de Koning, Pelle P. and Gevonden, Martin J. and Soemiati Kasanmoentalib, M. and Denys, Damiaan} } @Article { SchuurmansNCSPO2021, title = {Alterations of autonomic nervous system and HPA axis basal activity and reactivity to acute stress: a comparison of traumatized adolescents and healthy controls}, journal = {Stress}, year = {2021}, pages = {1-12}, abstract = {Alterations in neurobiological stress systems such as the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis contribute to the development and maintenance of psychological and behavioral problems after traumatic experiences. Investigating neurobiological parameters and how these relate to each other may provide insight into the complex mechanisms at play. Whereas the preponderance of studies focuses on either the ANS or the HPA axis separately, the current study is the first to evaluate relations between posttraumatic stress and both basal activity during rest and stress reactivity of the ANS as well as the HPA axis in a sample of traumatized adolescents and healthy controls. The traumatized sample (n ¼ 77), based on clinical levels of posttraumatic stress, was a convenience sample that was recruited within residential institutions, was compared to a healthy control sample (n ¼ 48) recruited within the general community. For the ANS, we expected increased SNS and decreased PNS activity during rest and increased SNS and decreased PNS reactivity to social stress among traumatized adolescents compared to healthy controls. Regarding the HPA axis, we expected increased basal cortisol levels and decreased cortisol reactivity to stress in the traumatized sample. Compared to healthy controls, traumatized adolescents exhibited significantly higher sympathetic and lower parasympathetic activation during rest and increased sympathetic reactivity to acute stress (ANS parameters). Outcomes on the HPA axis (i.e. cortisol) indicated that traumatized adolescents showed increased cortisol levels during rest and blunted cortisol reactivity to acute stress. Implications for clinical relevance and trauma-focused treatment purposes are discussed.}, keywords = {Adolescents; autonomic nervous system; hypothalamic–pituitary– adrenal axis; parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous systems; trauma}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Alterations of autonomic nervous system and HPA axis basal activity and reactivity to acute stress a comparison of traumatized adolescents and.pdf}, DOI = {10.1080/10253890.2021.1900108}, author = {Schuurmans, A. A. and Nijhof, K. S. and Cima, M. and Scholte, R. and Popma, A. and Otten, R.} } @Article { LoheideNiesmannVdWH2021, title = {Associations between autonomic nervous system activity and risk-taking and internalizing behavior in young adolescents}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2021}, pages = {e13882}, abstract = {Dysregulated autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity has been associated with adolescent risk-taking and internalizing behavior, but previous results in community samples have been mixed. We investigated whether ANS activity was associated with higher risk-taking and internalizing behavior in young adolescents (age 11/12; n = 875), and whether adolescents' gender, parents' parenting style or a combination of both moderated these associations. Adolescents and their parents were recruited as part of the population-based, longitudinal Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) study. Risk-taking behavior was assessed with the Balloon Analogue Risk Task and the personality characteristics sensation seeking and impulsivity, measured with the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS). Internalizing behavior was assessed via the SURPS subscales anxiety sensitivity and hopelessness. Authoritative (AUTH-SW) and authoritarian (AUTH-S) parenting styles were measured with the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire. Resting ANS activity was assessed via heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Hierarchical, multivariable regression analyses showed higher RSA, but not heart rate, being associated with higher risk-taking behavior and sensation seeking. The associations between ANS activity and risk-taking variables were not significantly moderated by gender, parenting, or interactions between gender and parenting. Our findings suggest that RSA activity may be a relevant factor in mild to moderate risk-taking behavior in adolescents from the general population, regardless of their gender or the type of parenting they experience.}, keywords = {adolescents, heart rate, internalizing, parenting, risk-taking, RSA}, url = {/vuams-pubs/psyp.13882.pdf}, DOI = {DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13882}, author = {Loheide-Niesmann, Lisa and Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M. and de Rooij, Susanne R. and Wiers, Reinout W. and Huizink, Anja} } @Article { BaynhamVJPR2021, title = {Cocoa Flavanols Improve Vascular Responses to Acute Mental Stress in Young Healthy Adults}, journal = {Nutrients}, year = {2021}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {1103}, abstract = {Mental stress has been shown to induce cardiovascular events, likely due to its negative impact on vascular function. Flavanols, plant-derived polyphenolic compounds, improve endothelial function and blood pressure (BP) in humans, however their effects during stress are not known. This study examined the effects of acute intake of cocoa flavanols on stress-induced changes on vascular function. In a randomised, controlled, double-blind, cross-over intervention study, 30 healthy men ingested a cocoa flavanol beverage (high-flavanol: 150 mg vs. low-flavanol < 4 mg (?)-epicatechin) 1.5 h before an 8-min mental stress task). Forearm blood flow (FBF), BP, and cardiovascular activity were assessed pre- and post-intervention, both at rest and during stress. Endothelial function (brachial flow-mediated dilatation, FMD) and brachial BP were measured before the intervention and 30 and 90 min post-stress. FMD was impaired 30 min post-stress, yet high-flavanol cocoa attenuated this decline and remained significantly higher compared to low-flavanol cocoa at 90 min post-stress. High-flavanol cocoa increased FBF at rest and during stress. Stress-induced cardiovascular and BP responses were similar in both conditions. Flavanols are effective at counteracting mental stressinduced endothelial dysfunction and improving peripheral blood flow during stress. These findings suggest the use of flavanol-rich dietary strategies to protect vascular health during stress.}, keywords = {mental stress; cocoa flavanols; endothelial function; forearm blood flow}, url = {/vuams-pubs/nutrients-13-01103-v2 (1).pdf}, DOI = {10.3390/nu13041103}, author = {Baynham, R. and Veldhuijzen van Zanten, J. J. and Johns, P. W. and Pham, Q. S. and Rendeiro, C.} } @Article { WardenaarRGEvBPS2021, title = {Common and specific determinants of 9-year depression and anxiety course-trajectories: A machine-learning investigation in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA).}, journal = {Journal of affective disorders}, year = {2021}, volume = {293}, pages = {295-304}, abstract = {Background: Given the strong relationship between depression and anxiety, there is an urge to investigate their shared and specific long-term course determinants. The current study aimed to identify and compare the main determinants of the 9-year trajectories of combined and pure depression and anxiety symptom severity. Methods: Respondents with a 6-month depression and/or anxiety diagnosis (n=1,701) provided baseline data on 152 sociodemographic, clinical and biological variables. Depression and anxiety symptom severity assessed at baseline, 2-, 4-, 6- and 9-year follow-up, were used to identify data-driven course-trajectory subgroups for general psychological distress, pure depression, and pure anxiety severity scores. For each outcome (classprobability), a Superlearner (SL) algorithm identified an optimally weighted (minimum mean squared error) combination of machine-learning prediction algorithms. For each outcome, the top determinants in the SL were identified by determining variable-importance and correlations between each SL-predicted and observed outcome (?pred) were calculated. Results: Low to high prediction correlations (?pred: 0.41-0.91, median=0.73) were found. In the SL, important determinants of psychological distress were age, young age of onset, respiratory rate, participation disability, somatic disease, low income, minor depressive disorder and mastery score. For course of pure depression and anxiety symptom severity, similar determinants were found. Specific determinants of pure depression included several types of healthcare-use, and of pure-anxiety course included somatic arousal and psychological distress. Limitations: Limited sample size for machine learning. Conclusions: The determinants of depression- and anxiety-severity course are mostly shared. Domain-specific exceptions are healthcare use for depression and somatic arousal and distress for anxiety-severity course.}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Course, Machine Learning, Prediction, SuperLearner}, url = {/vuams-pubs/1-s2.0-S0165032721006157-main.pdf}, DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.029}, author = {Wardenaar, Klaas J. and Riese, Harri{\"e}tte and Giltay, Erik J. and Eikelenboom, Merijn and van Hemert, Albert J. and Beekman, Aartjan F. and Penninx, Brende W.J.H. and Schroevers, Robert A.} } @Article { KunkelsvWR2021, title = {Cross-instrument feasibility, validity, and reproducibility of wireless heart rate monitors: Novel opportunities for extended daily life monitoring}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2021}, volume = {58}, number = {10}, pages = {e13898}, abstract = {Wired ambulatory monitoring of the electrocardiogram (ECG) is an established method used by researchers and clinicians. Recently, a new generation of wireless, compact, and relatively inexpensive heart rate monitors have become available. However, before these monitors can be used in scientific research and clinical practice, their feasibility, validity, and reproducibility characteristics have to be investigated. Therefore, we tested how two wireless heart rate monitors (i.e., the Ithlete photoplethysmography (PPG) finger sensor and the Cortrium C3 ECG monitor perform against an established wired reference method (the VU-AMS ambulatory ECG monitor). Monitors were tested on cross-instrument and test-retest reproducibility in a controlled laboratory setting, while feasibility was evaluated in protocolled ambulatory settings at home. We found that the Cortrium and the Ithlete monitors showed acceptable agreement with the VU-AMS reference in laboratory setting. In ambulatory settings, assessments were feasible with both wireless devices although more valid data were obtained with the Cortrium than with the Ithlete. We conclude that both monitors have their merits under controlled laboratory settings where motion artefacts are minimized and stationarity of the ECG signal is optimized by design. These findings are promising for long-term ambulatory ECG measurements, although more research is needed to test whether the wireless devices’ feasibility, validity, and reproducibility characteristics also hold in unprotocolled daily life settings with natural variations in posture and activities.}, keywords = {adolescents, cardiovascular, heart rate, heart rate variability}, url = {/vuams-pubs/psyp.13898.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/psyp.13898}, author = {Kunkels, Yoram K. and van Roon, Arie M. and Wichers, Marieke and Riese, Harri{\"e}tte} } @Article { MeixnerH2021, title = {Does Attentional Focus Influence Psychophysiological Responses to an Acute Bout of Exercise? Evidence From an Experimental Study Using a Repeated-Measures Design}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, year = {2021}, volume = {12}, pages = {680149}, abstract = {Attentional focus during aerobic exercise has been studied in the context of sports performance, injury prevention and affective experience. Previous research suggests that an additional mental task parallel to the physical activity might influence exercise experience and performance. It has been tested if attentional focus influences cardiovascular activity, positive/negative affect, and subjective exertion during a cycling exercise. Data from N = 30 female participants has been collected using a repeated measures design, with the following experimental manipulations: (A) an internal attention focus (i.e., paying attention to force production of the quadriceps muscles), (B) an external attention focus (i.e., paying attention to changes in brightness in the cycling track simulation), and as control conditions, (C) exercise without attention focus (i.e., no specific instruction was given) and (D) no exercise, no attention focus. Subjective affect and subjective exertion were assessed, and changes in cardiovascular activity were recorded via mobile impedance cardiography (ICG) at rest, during and after the exercise, including HR, HRV (RMSSD, HF), PEP, CO, SV, LVET, and RSA. Exercise was associated with adaptations in cardiovascular activity, positive/negative affect, and subjective exertion. However, this did not interact with attentional focus. The original hypothesis could not be supported: instructed attentional focus does not influence affect, exertion, or cardiovascular activity during a cycling exercise. Therefore, attentional focusing during exercise does not appear to put notable additional mental demands on the physically active participant. Nonetheless, impedance cardiography delivered reliable measurements even during the cycling exercise.}, keywords = {aerobic exercise, cycling exercise, attentional focus, psychophysiology, impedance cardiography}, url = {/vuams-pubs/fphys-12-680149.pdf}, DOI = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.680149}, author = {Meixner, Friedrich and Herbert, Cornelia} } @Article { PeroneCDDLT2021, title = {Examining the effect of hunger on responses to pathogen cues and novel foods}, journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior}, year = {2021}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {371-378}, abstract = {Although multiple leading papers in the behavioral immune system literature have proposed that food depri-vation affects responses to pathogen cues, evidence supporting this proposition is scarce. Here, we report results from what we believe to be the most comprehensive test of the effects of hunger on responses to pathogen cues to date. Participants (N =40) recruited from a Dutch university attended two experimental sessions, each following a 15-hour fast. One of the two sessions was conducted immediately after eating a standardized meal, and the other was conducted before eating that same standardized meal. In each session, participants rated 40 different images (i.e., images depicting food-related pathogen cues, food-unrelated pathogen cues, violence, positive stimuli, and neutral stimuli) on valence and arousal while their heart rate and skin conductance responses were recorded. They also indicated their willingness to eat 16 novel foods. Results did not reveal an effect of nutri-tional state on explicit ratings of and physiological reactions to food-related or food-unrelated pathogen cues. However, participants reported a greater willingness to eat novel foods when hungry than when sated. These results raise doubt regarding proposals that short-term changes in nutritional state influence responses to pathogen cues, but they suggest that these same changes increase willingness to eat novel foods.}, keywords = {Hunger, Food neophobia, Disgust, Behavioral immune system}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Examining the effect of hunger on responses to pathogen cues and novel foods _ Elsevier Enhanced Reader.html}, DOI = {10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.02.004}, author = {Perone, P. and Cinar, C. and D'ursi, P. and Durmusoglu, L. R. and Lal, V. and Tybur, J.} } @Article { SusantySSH2021, title = {Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) to reduce posttraumatic stress disorder-related stress reactivity in Indonesia PTSD patients: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial}, journal = {Trials}, year = {2021}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, abstract = {Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop after exposure to a traumatic event. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an evidence-based psychological treatment for PTSD. It is yet unclear whether eye movements also reduce stress reactivity in PTSD patients. This study aims to test whether eye movements, as provided during Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD), are more effective in reducing stress reactivity in PTSD patients as compared to a retrieval-only control condition. Methods: The study includes participants who meet criteria of PTSD of the public psychological services in Jakarta and Bandung, Indonesia. One hundred and ten participants are randomly assigned to either an (1) Eye Movement Desensitization group (n = 55) or (2) retrieval-only control group (n = 55). Participants are assessed at baseline (T0), post-treatment (T1), 1 month (T2), and at 3 months follow-up (T3). Participants are exposed to a script-driven imagery procedure at T0 and T1. The primary outcome is heart rate variability (HRV) stress reactivity during scriptdriven imagery. Secondary outcomes include heart rate (HR), pre-ejection period (PEP), saliva cortisol levels, PTSD symptoms, neurocognitive functioning, symptoms of anxiety and depression, perceived stress level, and quality of life. Discussion: If the EMD intervention is effective in reducing stress reactivity outcomes, this would give us more insight into the underlying mechanisms of EMDR’s effectiveness in PTSD symptom reduction. Trial registration: ISRCTN registry ISRCTN55239132. Registered on 19 December 2017.}, keywords = {Stress reactivity, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, HRV, PEP, Indonesia}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Susanty2021_Article_EyeMovementDesensitizationEMDT.pdf}, DOI = {10.1186/s13063-021-05100-3}, author = {Susanty, E. and Sijbrandij, M. and Srisayekti, W. and Huizink, A. C.} } @Article { KupperJK2021, title = {Individual Differences in Cross-System Physiological Activity at Rest and in Response to Acute Social Stress.}, journal = {Psychosomatic Medicine}, year = {2021}, volume = {83}, number = {2}, pages = {138-148}, abstract = {Objective: Individual differences in long-term cardiovascular disease risk are related to physiological responses to psychological stress. However, little is known about specific physiological response profiles in young adults that may set the stage for long-term increased cardiovascular disease risk. We investigated individual differences in profiles of resting cardiovascular physiology and stress reactivity, combining parasympathetic, sympathetic, and hemodynamic measures. Methods: Participants (n = 744, 71\% women, mean [standard deviation] age = 20.1 [2.4] years) underwent the Trier Social Stress Test, while blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure), electrocardiograms (interbeat interval), and impedance cardiograms (preejection period, left ventricular ejection time) were recorded. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was derived from the combination of the electrocardiogram and the impedance cardiogram. A three-step latent profile analysis (LPA) was performed on resting and reactivity values to derive clusters of individual physiological profiles. We also explored demographic and health behavioral correlates of the observed latent clusters. Results: For resting physiology, LPA revealed five different resting physiology profiles, which were related to sex, usual physical activity levels, and body mass index. Five cardiovascular stress reactivity profiles were identified: a reciprocal/moderate stress response (Cr1; 29\%), and clusters characterized by high blood pressure reactivity (Cr2: 22\%), high vagal withdrawal (Cr3; 22\%), autonomic coactivation (parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system; Cr4; 13\%), and overall high reactivity (Cr5; 12\%). Men were more likely to belong to the high reactivity (Cr5) cluster, whereas women were more likely to have autonomic coactivation (Cr4). Conclusions: We identified five cardiovascular physiological reactivity profiles, with individuals displaying generalized hyperreactivity, predominant vagal withdrawal, autonomic coactivation, or blood pressure–specific hyperreactivity. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these profiles are useful in early detection of individuals at high risk for cardiovascular disease}, keywords = {autonomic nervous system activity, blood pressure, stress reactivity, impedance cardiography, psychophysiology.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Individual_Differences_in_Cross_System.6.pdf}, DOI = {10.1097/PSY.0000000000000901}, author = {Kupper, N. and Jankovic, M. and Kop, W. J.} } @Article { DelgadilloBPGBB2021, title = {Maternal expressions of positive emotion for children predicts children’s respiratory sinus arrhythmia surrounding stress.}, journal = {Developmental psychobiology}, year = {2021}, volume = {63}, pages = {1225-1240}, abstract = {The aim of this study is to assess whether positive emotional exchanges (i.e., emotion coregulation) within the mother–child dyad play a protective role in children's physiological response to a distressing task. Specifically, we test whether positive emotion coregulation among mothers and their preschool-aged children is associated with children's respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) at baseline, during, and following a frustration task. One hundred Singaporean mother–child dyads (Mchildage = 3.5 years) participated in a standardized “Laughing Task” in which positive emotional constructs were measured. Children also participated in a frustration task while RSA was continuously monitored. Hierarchical linear regressions revealed that greater maternal positive emotional responses to children were associated with child RSA at baseline and in recovery from frustration, but not during frustration. These findings have implications for the important role that positive emotion responsivity from mothers may play in children's developing autonomic response systems, and underscore the need for longitudinal work on this topic.}, keywords = {emotions, parent–child relations, parenting, physiological stress reactivity, preschool children, psychophysiology, respiratory sinus arrhythmia}, url = {/vuams-pubs/dev.22082.pdf}, DOI = {10.1002/dev.22082}, author = {Delgadillo, Desiree and Boparai, Sameen and Pressman, Sarah D. and Goldstein, Alison and Bureau, Jean-Francois and .... and Borelli, Jesicca L.} } @Article { VrijkotteSdB2021, title = {Maternal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status during early pregnancy: Association with child behavioral problems and the role of autonomic nervous system activity}, journal = {Clinical Nutrition}, year = {2021}, volume = {40}, pages = {3338-3345}, abstract = {Background \& aims: The prenatal environment, including availability of critical nutrients, has a profound impact on offspring development. The present study examined the association between maternal longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) status during pregnancy and later child behavioral problems at the age of 5e6 years. In light of evidence of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation in some behavioral problems, study further tested if the above association is statistically mediated by cardiac ANS activity. Methods: Data was collected as part of the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development-study and complete data were available for 1717 mothers and their offspring. Maternal LC-PUFA status was assessed during early pregnancy (mean gestation ¼ 12.7, SD ¼ 2.5 weeks) and quantified as levels of docosahexenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as well as the ratio of n-6:n-3 fatty acids. Child emotional problems and peer problems (internalizing problems), as well as conduct problems and inattention/hyperactivity (externalizing problems), were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as rated by the mother and teacher at 5e6 years. Child cardiac respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), pre-ejection period (PEP), and heart rate (HR) were utilized as measures of ANS activity at 5e6 years. Results: The results confirmed an association between maternal LC-PUFA status and internalizing behavioral problems as rated by the mother, as shown for DHA (b ¼ 0.11;p < 0.01), EPA (b ¼ - 0.22;p < 0.05), and n-6:n-3 LC-PUFA (b ¼ 0.17;p < 0.01). Statistical mediation was only demonstrated for HR. No associations were observed between LC-PUFA status and externalizing behavioral problems. Conclusions: The present results are consistent with a role of maternal LC-PUFA status in internalizing behavioral problems as rated by the mother. These results were not observed when problem behavior was rated by the teacher. Analyses did not yield strong evidence supporting ANS activity as a possible mediator in this relationship.}, keywords = {Essential fatty acids, Pregnancy, Behavioural problems, Offspring, Autonomic nervous system activity}, url = {/vuams-pubs/1-s2.0-S0261561420306063-main.pdf}, DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.002}, author = {Vrijkotte, Tanja G.M. and Smeets, J. and de Rooij, Susanne R. and Bosch, J. A.} } @Article { HarteveldNTSdVd2021, title = {Maturation of the Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Children and Adolescents}, journal = {Journal of the American Heart Association}, year = {2021}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {e017405}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing interest in cardiac autonomic nervous activity, the normal development is not fully understood. The main aim was to determine the maturation of different cardiac sympathetic-(SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity parameters in healthy patients aged 0.5 to 20 years. A second aim was to determine potential sex differences. METHODS AND RESULTS: Five studies covering the 0.5- to 20-year age range provided impedance- and electrocardiography recordings from which heart rate, different PNS-parameters (eg, respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and an SNS-parameter (preejection period) were collected. Age trends were computed in the mean values across 12 age-bins and in the age-specific variances. Age was associated with changes in mean and variance of all parameters. PNS-activity followed a cubic trend, with an exponential increase from infancy, a plateau phase during middle childhood, followed by a decrease to adolescence. SNS-activity showed a more linear trend, with a gradual decrease from infancy to adolescence. Boys had higher SNSactivity at ages 11 to 15 years, while PNS-activity was higher at 5 and 11 to 12 years with the plateau level reached earlier in girls. Interindividual variation was high at all ages. Variance was reasonably stable for SNS- and the log-transformed PNS-parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac PNS- and SNS-activity in childhood follows different maturational trajectories. Whereas PNS-activity shows a cubic trend with a plateau phase during middle childhood, SNS-activity shows a linear decrease from 0.5 to 20 years. Despite the large samples used, clinical use of the sex-specific centile and percentile normative values is modest in view of the large individual differences, even within narrow age bands.}, keywords = {autonomic nervous system ? heart rate variability ? sympathetic nerve activity ? development ? pediatrics}, url = {/vuams-pubs/JAHA.120.017405.pdf}, DOI = {10.1161/JAHA.120.017405}, author = {Harteveld, L. M. and Nederend, I. and Ten Harkel, A. D. and Schutte, N. M. and de Rooij, S. R. and Vrijkotte, T. G. and ... and de Geus, E. J.} } @Article { FallonRKKK2021, title = {Multi-modal responses to the Virtual Reality Trier Social Stress Test: A comparison with standard interpersonal and control conditions}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2021}, volume = {161}, pages = {27-34}, abstract = {The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is a reliable social-evaluative stressor. To overcome limitations of the in vivo TSST, a standardized virtual reality TSST (VR-TSST) was developed. The present study compares the emotional (anxiety) and physiological (heart period and variability) response to a VR-TSST with an in vivo TSST and a control condition. Participants took part in either an in vivo TSST (N =106, 64\% female), VR-TSST (N =52, 100\% female), or a control TSST (N =20, 40\% female). Mixed linear modeling examined response profile dif-ferences related to TSST type. While there was an equivalent anxiety response to the in vivo TSST as the VR-TSST, we found a smaller heart period and heart rate variability response in VR-TSST compared to the in vivo TSST, especially in response to the math part of the test. The present findings demonstrate that social evaluative stress can be successfully induced in a VR setting, producing similar emotional and slightly attenuated cardiovascular responses.}, keywords = {Trier Social Stress Test, Virtual reality, Psychosocial stress, Cardiovascular responses, Heart rate variability}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Multi-modal responses to the Virtual Re...pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.01.010}, author = {Fallon, M. A. and Riem, M. M. and Kunst, L. E. and Kop, W. J. and Kupper, N.} } @Article { ZijlmansMvLBP2021, title = {No association between autonomic functioning and psychopathy and aggression in multi-problem young adults}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, year = {2021}, volume = {12}, pages = {686}, abstract = {Background: Aberrant functioning of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an important factor in the occurrence of antisocial behavior. Baseline autonomic functioning and the responsivity of the ANS have been related to psychopathic traits and aggression. Here we investigated whether a naturalistic sample of male multi-problem young adults (age 18–27) present with similar autonomic deficits in relation to their psychopathy and aggression as previous studies observed in clinical samples. Methods: In a sample of 112 multi-problem young adults, baseline autonomic functioning and autonomic responsivity to emotional stimuli were assessed through four physiological measures: heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, pre-ejection period, and skin conductance. 27 control participants were included primarily to assess whether the task worked appropriately. Participants watched a neutral 5 min video to assess baseline autonomic functioning and watched two sad clips to assess autonomic reactivity to sadness. We investigated the association between autonomic functioning and self-reported psychopathic traits and aggression within the multi-problem group. Results: We found no significant associations between autonomic functioning and psychopathy and aggression. Conclusion: These null-findings highlight the importance of research in naturalistic samples in addition to research in clinical and general populations samples and underscore the complexity of translating research findings into practical and clinical implications.}, keywords = {aggression, antisocial, psychophysiology, young adulthood, psychopathy}, url = {/vuams-pubs/fpsyg-12-645089.pdf}, DOI = {10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645089}, author = {Zijlmans, J. and Marhe, R. and van Duin, L. and Luijks, M. J. and Bevaart, F. and Popma, A.} } @Article { JunkerDM2021, title = {Potential classroom stressors of teachers: An audiovisual and physiological approach}, journal = {Learning and Instruction}, year = {2021}, volume = {75}, pages = {101495}, abstract = {The number of teachers leaving their professions due to high levels of stress is a growing worldwide concern. Previous psychological and physiological research has already identified potential classroom stressors: low student engagement and motivation, negative teacher-student relationships and interactions, as well as teacher- centered activities. The current study extends this research by examining the frequency and intensity of these stressors during actual classroom teaching. The heart rates of 40 teachers were recorded throughout one real-life classroom lesson as a proxy for teacher stress. Heart rate measurements were used to select potentially stressful and non-stressful classroom situations. We transcribed the interactions during these situations and coded the stressors according to the previously mentioned stressor categories. Multilevel regression analyses were con-ducted to predict teachers’ heart rates based on the occurrence of classroom stressors. Students’ low engagement and motivation, as well as teacher-centered activities, significantly predicted an increased heart rate. However, pronounced differences were observed between teachers in what they experienced as stressful. This points to significant individual differences in teacher stress triggers and processes. Implications for research and practice are discussed.}, keywords = {Teacher stress, Heart rate, Student misbehavior, Student engagement, Teacher-centered activity}, url = {/vuams-pubs/StressorTeacher.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101495}, author = {Junker, Robin and Donker, Monika H. and Mainhard, Tim} } @Article { deRuighKJdVMdvP2021, title = {Predicting youth reoffending after incarceration: added value of protective factors and heart rate variability}, journal = {The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry \& Psychology}, year = {2021}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, pages = {449-480}, abstract = {This study examined a biopsychosocial approach on risk assessment in a clinical sample of youth offenders. In search of enhancing the validity of prediction of recidivism through risk factors alone, the added value of protective and neurobiological factors was measured. In 209 male youth offenders (age 15-24), risk and protective factors were assessed with the Structured Assessment of Violence in Youth (SAVRY) and the Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for violence risk-Youth Version (SAPROF-YV). Autonomic nervous system (re)activity was assessed, and cortisol and testosterone levels were measured in saliva. Recidivism data were obtained from official criminal records. As expected, risk factors alone provided moderate predictive validity for general and violent recidivism. Incorporating protective factors and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) reactivity significantly improved prediction models. Risk assessment may gain by adopting a broader, biopsychosocial perspective. Including neurobiology and protective factors in risk assessment could improve release decision-making, offer guidance for better tailored interventions, and enhance chances of successful community reintegration.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Predicting youth reoffending after incarceration added value of protective factors and heart rate variability.pdf}, DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2020.1860250}, author = {de Ruigh, Esther L. and Kleeven, Anneke T.H. and Jansen, Lucres M.C. and de Vries Robb{\'e}, Michiel and Vermeiren, Robert R.J.M. and Mulder, Eva A, and de Pauw, Britt and van de Ven, Peter M. and Popma, Arne} } @Article { deRuighKJdVMP2021, title = {Predicting youth reoffending after incarceration: added value of protective factors and heart rate variability}, journal = {The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry \& Psychology}, year = {2021}, pages = {1-32}, abstract = {This study examined a biopsychosocial approach on risk assessment in a clinical sample of youth offenders. In search of enhancing the validity of prediction of recidivism through risk factors alone, the added value of protective and neurobiological factors was measured. In 209 male youth offenders (age 15-24), risk and protective factors were assessed with the Structured Assessment of Violence in Youth (SAVRY) and the Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for violence risk-Youth Version (SAPROF-YV). Autonomic nervous system (re)activity was assessed, and cortisol and testosterone levels were measured in saliva. Recidivism data were obtained from official criminal records. As expected, risk factors alone provided moderate predictive validity for general and violent recidivism. Incorporating protective factors and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) reactivity significantly improved prediction models. Risk assessment may gain by adopting a broader, biopsychosocial perspective. Including neurobiology and protective factors in risk assessment could improve release decision-making, offer guidance for better tailored interventions, and enhance chances of successful community reintegration.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Predicting youth reoffending after incarceration added value of protective factors and heart rate variability.pdf}, DOI = {10.1080/14789949.2020.1860250}, author = {de Ruigh, E. L. and Kleeven, A. T. H. and Jansen, L. M. and de Vries Robb{\'e}, M. and Vermeiren, R. R. and Mulder, E. A. and ... and Popma, A.} } @Article { NelsonSPA2021, title = {Psychobiological markers of allostatic load in depressed and nondepressed mothers and their adolescent offspring}, journal = {Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry}, year = {2021}, volume = {62}, number = {2}, pages = {199-211}, abstract = {Background: A substantial body of research has emerged suggesting that depression is strongly linked to poor physical health outcomes, which may be partly due to increased allostatic load across stress response systems. Interestingly, health risks associated with depression are also borne by the offspring of depressed persons. Our aim was to simultaneously investigate whether maternal depression is associated not only with increased allostatic load across cardiac control, inflammation, cellular aging, but also if this is transmitted to adolescent children, possibly increasing the risk for early onset of psychiatric conditions and disease in these offspring. Methods: A preregistered, case–control study of 180 low-income mothers (50\% mothers depressed, 50\% mothers nondepressed) and their adolescent offspring was conducted to determine how depressed mothers and their adolescent offspring systematically differ in terms of autonomic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic cardiac control; inflammation; cellular aging; and behavioral health in offspring, which are indicators suggestive of higher allostatic load. Results: Findings indicate that depressed mothers and their adolescent offspring differ in terms of comorbid mental and physical health risk profiles that are suggestive of higher allostatic load. Findings indicate that depressed mothers exhibit elevated resting heart rate and decreased heart rate variability, and adolescent offspring of depressed mothers exhibit greater mental health symptoms, elevated heart rate, and accelerated biological aging (shorter telomeres). These effects persisted after controlling for a range of potential covariates, including medication use, sex, age, and adolescents’ own mental health symptoms. Conclusions: Findings indicate that maternal depression is associated with increased allostatic load in depressed women and their adolescent children, possibly increasing risk for early onset of psychiatric conditions and disease in these offspring. Future research is needed to delineate why some biological systems are more impacted than others and to explore how findings might inform preventative programs targeted at adolescent offspring of depressed mothers.}, keywords = {Adolescence; biomarkers; health psychology; maternal depression; parent-child relationships.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/jcpp.13264.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/jcpp.13264}, author = {Nelson, B. W. and Sheeber, L. and Pfeifer, J. and Allen, N. B.} } @Article { KosirSGFDS2021, title = {Real-life dental examination elicits physiological responses different to visual and auditory dental-related stimuli.}, journal = {PloS one}, year = {2021}, volume = {16}, number = {6}, pages = {e0252128}, abstract = {Background Previous studies on dental anxiety have examined the psychophysiological responses evoked in dentally anxious subjects by dental-related stimuli, but not during a real-life dental examination, which was achieved in the present study. Methods The heart rate, skin conductance level, and heart rate variability of 25 subjects with dental anxiety and 25 healthy controls were examined. Anxiety was determined by the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale and the Dental Anxiety Scale–Revised. The psychophysiological reactions of the two groups were compared during exposure to dental-related pictures, dentalrelated sounds, and an actual examination in a dental surgery. Results All the dental-related stimuli provoked an increase in heart rate, i.e. visual stimuli (p<0.001; 95\% CI 0.98–3.95 bpm), auditory stimuli (p<0.001; 95\% CI 1.34–4.99 bpm), and a dental examination (p<0.001; 95\% CI 1.26–5.39 bpm). Dental-related pictures provoked inferior skin conductance level changes compared to dental-related sounds and the dental examination (visual modality vs auditory p<0.001; 95\% CI 0.039–0.152; visual modality vs examination p<0.001; 95\% CI 0.083–0.275). Heart rate variability manifested in a complex pattern of responses to the dental examination. However, when exposed to all three dental-related stimuli presentation conditions, the heart rate (F = 0.352, p = 0.556), skin conductance level (F = 0.009, p = 0.926), and heart rate variability parameters of subjects with dental anxiety did not differ in comparison to the healthy controls. Conclusions This pilot study represents an evaluation of psychophysiological reactions during a real-life dental examination compared to single modality stimuli, and shows that a real-life dental examination provokes an increase in heart rate, heart rate variability and skin conductance level. Additionally, autonomic responses did not differ between the experimental and control groups. The key issue for future studies is the effect of real-life situations on the physiological and psychological state of the subjects, which should be considered when planning new research and studied in depth.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/nihms-1528065.pdf}, DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0252128}, author = {Kosir, Tadea and Sajovic, Jakob and Groselj, Maja and Fidler, Ales and Drevensek, Gorazd and Selic-Zupancic, Polona} } @Article { VilaGCC2021, title = {Real-Time Quality Index to Control Data Loss in Real-Life Cardiac Monitoring Applications}, journal = {sensors}, year = {2021}, volume = {21}, number = {16}, pages = {5357}, abstract = {Wearable cardiac sensors pave the way for advanced cardiac monitoring applications based on heart rate variability (HRV). In real-life settings, heart rate (HR) measurements are subject to motion artifacts that may lead to frequent data loss (missing samples in the HR signal), especially for commercial devices based on photoplethysmography (PPG). The current study had two main goals: (i) to provide a white-box quality index that estimates the amount of missing samples in any piece of HR signal; and (ii) to quantify the impact of data loss on feature extraction in a PPG-based HR signal. This was done by comparing real-life recordings from commercial sensors featuring both PPG (Empatica E4) and ECG (Zephyr BioHarness 3). After an outlier rejection process, our quality index was used to isolate portions of ECG-based HR signals that could be used as benchmark, to validate the output of Empatica E4 at the signal level and at the feature level. Our results showed high accuracy in estimating the mean HR (median error: 3.2\%), poor accuracy for short-term HRV features (e.g., median error: 64\% for high-frequency power), and mild accuracy for longer-term HRV features (e.g., median error: 25\% for low-frequency power). These levels of errors could be reduced by using our quality index to identify time windows with few or no data loss (median errors: 0.0\%, 27\%, and 6.4\% respectively, when no sample was missing). This quality index should be useful in future work to extract reliable cardiac features in real-life measurements, or to conduct a field validation study on wearable cardiac sensors.}, keywords = {wearable cardiac sensors; electrocardiography; photoplethysmography; heart rate variability; signal quality; real-life measurements}, url = {/vuams-pubs/sensors-21-05357.pdf}, DOI = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165357}, author = {Vila, Ga{\"e}l and Godin, Christelle and Charbonnier, Sylvie and Campagne, Aur{\'e}lie} } @Article { LidleS2021, title = {Rumination in Children with Social Anxiety Disorder: Effects of Cognitive Distraction and Relation to Social Stress Processing}, journal = {Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology}, year = {2021}, pages = {1-13}, abstract = {According to cognitive models of social anxiety disorder (SAD), both anticipatory processing and post-event processing are core mechanisms in disorder maintenance leading to dysfunctional coping with social situations through negative selfevaluation and increased anxiety. To date, little is known about these processes during late childhood, a critical period for disorder development. Further, it remains unclear if dysfunctional rumination in children can be altered through psychotherapeutic interventions such as cognitive distraction. In the current study, children aged 9 to 13 years with SAD and ageand gender-matched healthy controls (HCs, each: n=30) participated in an experimental laboratory social stress task while anticipatory processing, post-event processing, subjective anxiety, self-evaluations, and autonomic arousal (skin conductance level) were assessed. Further, the impact of a brief cognitive distraction intervention on post-event processing was assessed. Children with SAD reported more negative anticipatory and post-event processing compared to HC children. Further, negative anticipatory processing was associated with higher subjective anxiety and reduced subjective performance ratings during the social stress task. In the aftermath of the stressor, distraction led to reduced subjective anxiety in the group with SAD and lower autonomic arousal in all children but did not alter post-event processing. The current study suggests that both anticipatory and post-event processing already play a key role in the maintenance of SAD in childhood. While distraction may be benefcial in reducing prolonged subjective anxiety and autonomic arousal after social situations, more research on interventions targeting ruminative processes is needed.}, keywords = {Anticipatory processing · Post-event processing · Rumination · Social anxiety disorder · Children · Distraction}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Lidle-Schmitz2021_Article_RuminationInChildrenWithSocial.pdf}, DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00837-6}, author = {Lidle, Leonie R. and Schmitz, Julian} } @Article { WijkerKLSE2021, title = {The effects of Animal Assisted Therapy on autonomic and endocrine activity in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial}, journal = {General Hospital Psychiatry}, year = {2021}, volume = {72}, pages = {36-44}, abstract = {Objective: Stress and its sequelae are very common in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) without an intellectual disability (ID). Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) has shown physiological stress-reductive effects in children with ASD. The aim of the current study was to examine the acute psychophysiological response to an AAT session, and to examine the longer-term stress-physiological effects of the intervention, up until 10 weeks post-treatment, in comparison to waiting-list controls. Method: A randomized controlled trial with pre-intervention (T0), post-intervention (T1: 10 weeks) and followup (T2: 20 weeks) measurements of neuroendocrine and cardiovascular measures, was conducted in 53 adults with ASD (N = 27 in intervention arm; N = 26 in control arm). Within the intervention group, stressphysiological data were collected during the 5th therapy session (acute effects). Data were analyzed with mixed models for outcome measures cortisol, alpha-amylase, heart rate variability and sympathetic activity. Results: The AAT interventional session was significantly associated with reduced cortisol levels (? = ? 0.41, p = .010), while parasympathetic and sympathetic cardiovascular activity remained unaltered. No significant changes were found for stress-physiological measures at post-treatment time points. Conclusions: Acute stress reduction, reflected in significant reduction in cortisol levels, was found during an AAT session in adults with ASD, without ID. More research is needed to explore to what extent the specific factors of AAT have contributed to the decrease in cortisol and whether stress reduction is possible for the longer-term.}, keywords = {Adults, Autism spectrum disorder, Stress, Endocrinology, Cardiac autonomic control, Dogs}, url = {/vuams-pubs/1-s2.0-S0163834321000736-main.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.05.003}, author = {Wijker, Carolien and Kupper, Nina and Leontjevas, Ruslan and Spek, Annelies and Ender-Slegers, Marie-Jose} } @Article { deRuighBPVvJ2021, title = {Using the biopsychosocial model for identifying subgroups of detained juveniles at diferent risk of re-ofending in practice: a latent class regression analysis approach}, journal = {Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health}, year = {2021}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {1-15}, abstract = {Background: Juvenile delinquents constitute a heterogeneous group, which complicates decision-making based on risk assessment. Various psychosocial factors have been used to defne clinically relevant subgroups of juvenile ofenders, while neurobiological variables have not yet been integrated in this context. Moreover, translation of neurobiological group diferences to individual risk assessment has proven difcult. We aimed to identify clinically relevant subgroups associated with diferential youth ofending outcomes, based on psychosocial and neurobiological characteristics, and to test whether the resulting model can be used for risk assessment of individual cases. Methods: A group of 223 detained juveniles from juvenile justice institutions was studied. Latent class regression analysis was used to detect subgroups associated with diferential ofending outcome (recidivism at 12 month followup). As a proof of principle, it was tested in a separate group of 76 participants whether individual cases could be assigned to the identifed subgroups, using a prototype ‘tool’ for calculating class membership. Results: Three subgroups were identifed: a ‘high risk—externalizing’ subgroup, a ‘medium risk—adverse environment’ subgroup, and a ‘low risk—psychopathic traits’ subgroup. Within these subgroups, both autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrinological measures added diferentially to the prediction of subtypes of reofending (no, non-violent, violent). The ‘tool’ for calculating class membership correctly assigned 92.1\% of participants to a class and reofending risk. Conclusions: The LCRA approach appears to be a useful approach to integrate neurobiological and psychosocial risk factors to identify subgroups with diferent re-ofending risk within juvenile justice institutions. This approach may be useful in the development of a biopsychosocial assessment tool and may eventually help clinicians to assign individuals to those subgroups and subsequently tailor intervention based on their re-ofending risk.}, keywords = {Juvenile ofenders, Reofending, Latent class regression, Subgroups, Neurobiology, Risk assessment}, url = {/vuams-pubs/s13034-021-00379-1.pdf}, DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-021-00379-1}, author = {de Ruigh, E. L. and Bouwmeester, S. and Popma, A. and Vermeiren, R.R.J.M. and van Domburg, L. and Jansen, L.M.C.} } @Article { vanderMeeGWd2021, title = {Validity of electrodermal activity-based measures of sympathetic nervous system activity from a wrist-worn device.}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2021}, volume = {168}, pages = {52-64}, abstract = {Measuring electrodermal activity (EDA) on the wrist with the use of dry electrodes is a promising method to help identify person-specific stressors during prolonged recordings in daily life. While the feasibility of this method has been demonstrated, detailed testing of validity of such ambulatory EDA is scarce. In a controlled laboratory study, we examine SCL and ns.SCR derived from wrist-based dry electrodes (Philips DTI) and palm-based wet electrodes (VU-AMS) in 112 healthy adults (57\% females, mean age =22.3, SD =3.4) across 26 different conditions involving mental stressors or physical activities. Changes in these EDA measures were compared to changes in the Pre-ejection period (PEP) and stressor-induced changes in affect. Absolute SCL and ns.SCR fre-quency were lower at the wrist compared to the palm. Wrist-based ns.SCR and palm-based ns.SCR and SCL responded directionally consistent with our experimental manipulation of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. Average within-subject correlations between palm-based and wrist-based EDA were significant but modest (r SCL =0.31; r ns.SCR =0.42).}, keywords = {Ambulatory assessment, Skin conductance level, Non-specific SCRs, Pre-ejection period, Stress}, url = {/vuams-pubs/ValidityEDA.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.08.003}, author = {van der Mee, Denise J. and Gevonden, Martin J. and Westerink, Joyce H. D. M. and DE GEUS, ECO J. C.} } @Article { vanLangenvDSvvDd2021, title = {Which Child Will Benefit From a Behavioral Intervention for ADHD? A Pilot Study to Predict Intervention Efficacy From Individual Reward Sensitivity}, journal = {Journal of Attention Disorders}, year = {2021}, volume = {25}, number = {12}, pages = {1754-1764}, abstract = {Objective: This article aims to assess whether individual differences in reward sensitivity can be used to predict which children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) will benefit most from behavioral interventions that include reinforcement. Methods: A 12-week behavioral intervention was offered to 21 children with ADHD and their parents. Reward sensitivity was assessed prior to the intervention using a combination of psychological and physiological measures. ADHD symptoms were assessed pre- and posttreatment using the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD and Normal behavior (SWAN) rating scale. Results: Lower scores on one of the questionnaire scales were associated with greater pre/posttreatment differences in ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: We found that pre/posttreatment change was associated with one measure of parent-rated reward sensitivity. Children with low impulsive negative behavior toward gaining reward improved most during treatment. This result suggests that aspects of reward-related behaviors in ADHD may be useful to predict the effectiveness of treatment.}, keywords = {attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, reward sensitivity, reward processing, behavioral interventions}, url = {/vuams-pubs/1087054720928136.pdf}, DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054720928136}, author = {van Langen, Myrthe J. M. and van Hulst, Branko M. and Douma, Mariam and Steffers, Maarten and van de Wiel, Nicole M.H. and van den Ban, Els and Durston, Sarah and de Zeeuw, Patrick} } @Article { HarteveldBdvKRdHt2021, title = {Determinants of exercise limitation in contemporary paediatric Fontan patients with an extra cardiac conduit}, journal = {International journal of Cardiology}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Background: Although various determinants of exercise limitation in Fontan patients have been studied, most research has been performed in patients who underwent different surgical procedures with differing haemodynamic characteristics. The aim of the current study was to evaluate non-invasively measured cardiovascular parameters and their influence on exercise performance in paediatric Fontan patients with an extracardiac conduit and moderate-good systolic ventricular function. Methods: Fontan patients, between 8 and 18 years of age, with moderate to good systolic ventricular function and an extracardiac conduit were included. Exercise performance and cardiovascular assessment, comprising echocardiography, aortic stiffness measurement and ambulatory measurement of cardiac autonomous nervous activity were performed on the same day. Healthy subjects served as controls. Results: Thirty-six Fontan patients (age 14.0 years) and thirty-five healthy subjects (age 12.8 years) were included. Compared to controls, Fontan patients had reduced diastolic ventricular function and increased arterial stiffness. No differences were found in heart rate (HR) and cardiac parasympathetic nervous activity. In Fontan patients, maximal as well as submaximal exercise capacity was impaired, with the percentage of predicted capacity ranging between 54 and 72\%. Chronotropic competence, however, was good with a peak HR of 174 (94\% of predicted). Lower maximal and submaximal exercise capacity was correlated with a higher HR at rest, higher pulse wave velocity of the aorta and a lower ratio of early and late diastolic flow velocity. Conclusion: Contemporary paediatric Fontan patients have an impaired exercise capacity with preserved chronotropic competence. Exercise performance correlates with heart rate at rest, diastolic function and aortic stiffness.}, keywords = {Fontan, Single ventricle, Exercise limitation, Determinants}, url = {/vuams-pubs/1-s2.0-S0167527321012225-main.pdf}, state = {accepted}, DOI = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.08.012}, author = {Harteveld, Lisette M. and Blom, Nico A. and de Los Monteros, Covadonga T. E. and van Dijk, Gert J. and Kuipers, Irene M. and Rammeloo, Lukas A.J. and DE GEUS, ECO J. C. and Hazekamp, Mark G. and ten Harkel, Arend D.J.} } @Article { vanBennekomdGKD2020, title = {A Virtual Reality game to assess OCD symptoms}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry}, year = {2020}, volume = {11}, abstract = {Background: Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are often underreported by patients and mainly triggered in the patients private domain, making it harder for clinicians to recognize OCD. Virtual reality (VR) can be used to assess OCD symptoms in the clinician’s office. We developed a VR game in order to provoke subjective and physiological OCD symptoms. We hypothesize that (1) the VR game provokes more OCD symptoms in patients compared to healthy controls, (2) performing virtual compulsions leads to a reduction in emotional responses in OCD patients and that (3) the severity of VR game provoked symptoms correlates with severity of OCD symptoms. Methods: Participants played the VR game on a laptop while physiological measures were recorded simultaneously. We measured emotional responses, virtual compulsions and physiological arousal in response to our VR game in 26 OCD patients and 26 healthy controls. We determined correlations between emotional responses, virtual compulsions and OCD severity. Results: We found higher levels of VR-provoked anxiety (U = 179.5, p = 0.004) and virtual compulsions in OCD patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.001). There was a significant reduction in emotional responses after performing virtual compulsions in the OCD patients. The emotional responses and virtual compulsions did not correlate significantly with Y-BOCS scores. A baseline difference between patients and healthy controls was found in heart rate variability (HRV), but no significant change in HRV, heartrate and skin conductance was found during the VR game Conclusions: Our study clearly shows our OCD VR game is capable of provoking more anxiety and virtual compulsions in patients with OCD compared to healthy controls. Providing a direct patient-rated measurement in the clinicians room, the VR game could help in assessing core OCD symptoms and recognizing OCD. Clinical Trial Registry Number: Netherlands Trial Register NTR5935.}, keywords = {virtual reality, game, obsessive-compulsive disorder, assessment, diagnosis}, url = {/vuams-pubs/fpsyt-11-550165.pdf}, DOI = {10.3389/fpsyt.2020.550165/full}, author = {van Bennekom, M. J. and de Koning, P. P. and Gevonden, M. J. and Kasanmoentalib, M. S. and Denys, D.} } @Article { SchuurmansNSPO2020, title = {A novel approach to improve stress regulation among traumatized youth in residential care: Feasibility study testing three game?based meditation interventions}, journal = {Early intervention in psychiatry}, year = {2020}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, pages = {476-485}, abstract = {Aim: Many youth in residential care suffer from post-traumatic symptoms that have adverse effects on a range of psychological, behavioural and physiological outcomes. Although current evidence-based treatment options are effective, they have their limitations. Meditation interventions are an alternative to traditional trauma-focused treatment. This pilot study aimed to evaluate three game-based meditation interventions in a sample of traumatized youth in residential care. Methods: Fifteen participants were randomly divided over three conditions (Muse, DayDream and Wild Divine) that all consisted of twelve 15-minute game-play sessions. Physiological measurements (heart rate variability) were conducted at baseline, post-treatment and during each intervention session. Post-traumatic symptoms, stress, depression, anxiety and aggression were assessed at baseline, post-treatment and 1-month follow-up. Results: Physiological stress regulation was improved during the meditation sessions of all three interventions. User evaluations were in particular high for Muse with a rating of 8.42 out of 10 for game evaluation. Overall, outcomes on psychopathology demonstrated the most robust effect on stress. Muse performed best, with all participants showing reliable improvements (reliable change indexes [RCIs]) in posttraumatic symptoms, stress and anxiety. Participants who played Daydream or Wild Divine showed inconsistent progression: some participants improved, whereas others remained stable or even deteriorated based on their RCIs. Conclusions: Preliminary findings show promising outcomes on physiology, psychopathology and user evaluations. All indicate the potential of this innovative form of stress regulation intervention, and the potential of Muse in particular, although findings should be considered preliminary due to our small sample size. Further studies are warranted to assess intervention effectiveness effects of Muse or other gamebased meditation interventions for traumatized youth.}, keywords = {adolescents, game-based intervention, meditation, post-traumatic stress, trauma}, url = {/vuams-pubs/eip.12874.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/eip.12874}, author = {Schuurmans, A. A. and Nijhof, K. S. and Scholte, R. and Popma, A. and Otten, R.} } @Article { RomeroMartinezLM2020, title = {Alexithymia as a Predictor of Arousal and Affect Dysregulations when Batterers with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Cope with Acute Stress}, journal = {Behavioral Sciences}, year = {2020}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {70}, abstract = {Abstract: Empirical research has stated that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) might underlie intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) perpetration. Even though there is a clear relationship between these two variables, it is still unknown how ADHD facilitates violence proneness. In this regard, psychophysiological variables such as skin conductance levels (SCL) might offer information about emotional regulation when individuals cope with stress. Furthermore, alexithymia traits might be a strong candidate in explaining the above-mentioned emotional dysregulations. Hence, we compared the SCL response to acute cognitive stress in IPVAW perpetrators with and without ADHD symptoms to that of controls (non-violent and unaffected), and we also assessed the presence of alexithymia traits and their role in emotional regulation. Our data point out that ADHD IPVAW perpetrators presented higher SCL and negative affect than controls, particularly during the recovery period. Moreover, ADHD IPVAW perpetrators showed higher self-reported alexithymia, and this variable was a good predictor of autonomic and psychological state dysregulations, even after controlling for the effects of alcohol and drug misuse. Therefore, our study reinforces the need to consider psychophysiological measurements when screening the therapeutic needs of IPVAW perpetrators, due to their relatively low cost and the significant contents of their results. Finally, we also highlight the key role of alexithymia in this violent population, which should be considered when designing cognitive intervention training coadjutant to current psychotherapies for IPVAW perpetrators.}, keywords = {acute stress; heart rate; intimate partner violence perpetrators; pre-ejection period; trier social stress test; vagal tone}, url = {/vuams-pubs/behavsci-10-00070-v2.pdf}, DOI = {10.3390/bs10040070}, author = {Romero-Martinez, A. and Lila, M. and Moya-Albiol, L.} } @Article { DonkervGRM2020, title = {Associations between teachers’ interpersonal behavior, physiological arousal, and lesson-focused emotions}, journal = {Contemporary Educational Psychology}, year = {2020}, volume = {63}, pages = {101906}, abstract = {nterpersonal aspects of teaching have repeatedly been linked to teacher emotions and well-being on a general level. However, it is unclear how teachers’ moment-to-moment interpersonal behavior is associated with their physiological arousal during teaching and how this contributes to their lesson-focused emotional outcomes. Eighty secondary education teachers with a mean age of 43.7 years (SD = 11.5) and 13.4 years of teaching experience (SD = 9.7) participated during one real-life lesson. We coded teacher behavior from an interpersonal perspective on the dimensions of agency (i.e., social influence) and communion (i.e., friendliness). Teachers’ physiology (in terms of heart rate) was measured as a proxy for their affective arousal. Teachers differed widely in their behaviors and in how behavior and physiology were associated from moment to moment. Being gen-erally agentic was associated with higher levels of self-reported positive emotions after the lesson, also when being agentic went together with a high heart rate. In contrast, the stronger and the more positively a teacher’s physiological arousal was associated with displaying communal behavior, the more likely a teacher was to report negative emotions. We conclude that combining moment-to-moment data of teachers’ interpersonal behavior and physiological arousal has the potential to explain differences in teachers’ emotional outcomes. Such an approach might ultimately provide teachers and teacher educators with the fine-grained and personalized in-formation needed to foster teacher well-being.}, keywords = {Teachers Emotion Interpersonal behavior Physiology Moment-to-moment}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Associations between teachers’ interper...pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101906}, author = {Donker, M. H. and van Gog, T. and Goetz, T. and Roos, A. L. and Mainhard, T.} } @Article { GoldbergTL2020, title = {Bedtime stress increases sleep latency and impairs next-day prospective memory performance}, journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience}, year = {2020}, volume = {14}, pages = {756}, abstract = {The cognitive construct of prospective memory (PM) refers to the capacity to encode, retain and execute delayed intentions (e.g. to remember to buy milk on the way home). Although previous research suggests that PM performance is enhanced by healthy sleep, conclusions tend to be drawn based on designs featuring ecologically unnatural manipulations (e.g. total sleep deprivation). This study investigates whether a more common everyday experience (bedtime stress) affects next-day PM performance and, in so doing, also contributes to the heretofore inconsistent literature on stress and PM. Forty young adults received PM task instructions and were then assigned to either a stress condition (exposure to a laboratory-based stress-induction manipulation; n = 20, 9 women) or a non-stress condition (exposure to a non-stressful control manipulation; n = 20, 12 women). After completing the experimental manipulation, all participants had their objective sleep quality measured over a full night of polysomnographic monitoring. Upon awakening, they completed the PM task. Analyses detected significant betweengroup differences in terms of stress outcomes, sleep quality and PM performance: Participants exposed to the manipulation experienced heightened signs of stress (captured using a composite variable that included self-report, psychophysiological and endocrinological measures), had longer sleep latencies and poorer sleep depth and displayed significantly longer reaction times to PM cues. An interaction between experimental condition (being exposed to the stressor) and disrupted sleep (longer sleep latency) significantly predicted poorer next-day PM reaction time. We interpret these findings as indicating that bedtime stress, which leads to heightened presleep arousal, affects sleep processes and, consequently, the deployment of attentional resources during next-day execution of a delayed intention.}, keywords = {prospective memory, stress, sleep, cortisol, intention implementation}, url = {/vuams-pubs/fnins-14-00756.pdf}, DOI = {10.3389/fnins.2020.00756}, author = {Goldberg, Z. L. and Thomas, K. G. and Lipinska, G.} } @Article { KuzminskaiteVEWGP2020, title = {Childhood trauma and dysregulation of multiple biological stress systems in adulthood: Results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2020}, volume = {121}, pages = {104835}, abstract = {Background: Childhood trauma (CT) is a risk factor for depressive and anxiety disorders. Although dysregulated biological stress systems may underlie the enduring effect of CT, the relation between CT and separate and cumulative activity of the major stress systems, namely, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis, the immune-inflammatory system, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), remains inconclusive. Methods: In the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA, n =2778), we determined whether self- reported CT (as assessed by the Childhood Trauma Interview) was associated with separate and cumulative markers of the HPA-axis (cortisol awakening response, evening cortisol, dexamethasone suppression test cortisol), the immune-inflammatory system (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-?), and the ANS (heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, pre-ejection period) in adulthood. Results: Almost all individuals with CT (n=1330) had either current or remitted depressive and/or anxiety disorder (88.6\%). Total-sample analyses showed little evidence for CT being significantly associated with the separate or cumulative stress systems’ activity in adulthood. These findings were true for individuals with and without depressive and/or anxiety disorders. To maximize contrast, individuals with severe CT were compared to healthy controls without CT. This yielded slight, but significantly higher levels of cortisol awakening response (AUCg, ?=.088, p=.007; AUCi, ?=.084, p=.010), cumulative HPA-axis markers (?=.115, p=.001), C- reactive protein (?=.055, p =.032), interleukin-6 (?=.053, p=.038), cumulative inflammation (?=.060, p=.020), and cumulative markers across all systems (?=.125, p=.0003) for those with severe CT, partially explained by higher rates of smoking, body mass index, and chronic diseases. Conclusion: While our findings do not provide conclusive evidence on CT directly dysregulating stress systems, individuals with severe CT showed slight indications of dysregulations, partially explained by an unhealthy lifestyle and poorer health.}, keywords = {Childhood trauma, Stress systems, HPA-axis, Inflammation, Immune system, Autonomic nervous system}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Childhood trauma and dysregulation of multiple biological stress systems in adulthood_ Results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) _ Elsevier Enhanced Reader.html}, DOI = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104835}, author = {Kuzminskaite, E. and Vinkers, C. H. and Elzinga, B. M. and Wardenaar, K. J. and Giltay, E. J. and Penninx, B. W.} } @Article { KarremanR2020, title = {Effects of emotion regulation strategies on mothers’ self-reported, physiological, and facial expressive responses to infant laughing}, journal = {Parenting}, year = {2020}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, pages = {288-310}, abstract = {Objective. Mothers’ affective responses to infant laughing are essential in parent-child interaction. This experimental study examined whether instructing mothers to employ emotion regulation strategies can change their self-reported, physiological, and facial expressive responses to infant laughing. Design. Using a within-subjects design, mothers (N = 100, age M = 30.87 years) were exposed to infant laughing sounds while receiving enhancement, suppression, and no emotion regulation instructions. Positive affect, perception of laughing, intended sensitive and insensitive caregiving responses, skin conductance level, and facial expressions in response to infant laughing were measured. Results. Enhancement resulted in increased positive affect, a more positive perception of the laugh, more intended sensitive caregiving responses, and, compared to suppression, fewer intended insensitive caregiving responses. Moreover, enhancement resulted in lower sad and, compared to suppression, higher happy facial expressivity. In contrast, suppression resulted in a less positive perception. Enhancement did not affect skin conductance level. Conclusions. Enhancement can have beneficial effects on mothers’ self-reported and facial expressive responses to infant laughing in an experimental setting. Enhancement instructions may be used to increase mothers’ positive feelings in response to infant laughing and to promote sensitive caregiving behaviors and positive facial expressions, which may benefit affective mother-child interchanges.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Effects of Emotion Regulation Strategies on Mothers Self Reported Physiological and Facial Expressive Responses to Infant Laughing.pdf}, DOI = {10.1080/15295192.2020.1715686}, author = {Karreman, A. and Riem, M. M.} } @Article { SchuurmansNSPO2020_2, title = {Game-based meditation therapy to improve posttraumatic stress and neurobiological stress systems in traumatized adolescents: protocol for a randomized controlled trial}, journal = {JMIR research protocols}, year = {2020}, volume = {9}, number = {9}, pages = {E19881}, abstract = {Background: Many adolescents in residential care have been exposed to prolonged traumatic experiences such as violence, neglect, or abuse. Consequently, they suffer from posttraumatic stress. This not only negatively affects psychological and behavioral outcomes (eg, increased anxiety, depression, and aggression) but also has adverse effects on physiological outcomes, in particular on their neurobiological stress systems. Although current evidence-based treatment options are effective, they have their limitations. An alternative to traditional trauma treatment is meditation-based treatment that focuses on stress regulation and relaxation. Muse is a game-based meditation intervention that makes use of adolescents’intrinsic motivation. The neurofeedback element reinforces relaxation abilities. Objective: This paper describes the protocol for a randomized controlled trial in which the goal is to examine the effectiveness of Muse (InteraXon Inc) in reducing posttraumatic stress and normalizing neurobiological stress systems in a sample of traumatized adolescents in residential care. Methods: This will be a multicenter, multi-informant, and multimethod randomized controlled trial. Participants will be adolescents (N=80), aged 10 to 18 years, with clinical levels of posttraumatic symptoms, who are randomized to receive either the Muse therapy sessions and treatment as usual (intervention) or treatment as usual alone (control). Data will be collected at 3 measurement instances: pretest (T1), posttest (T2), and at 2-month follow-up. Primary outcomes will be posttraumatic symptoms (self-report and mentor report) and stress (self-report) at posttest. Secondary outcomes will be neurobiological stress parameters under both resting and acute stress conditions, and anxiety, depression, and aggression at posttest. Secondary outcomes also include all measures at 2-month follow-up: posttraumatic symptoms, stress, anxiety, depression aggression, and neurobiological resting parameters. Results: The medical-ethical committee Arnhem-Nijmegen (NL58674.091.16) approved the trial on November 15, 2017. The study was registered on December 2, 2017. Participant enrollment started in January 2018, and the results of the study are expected to be published in spring or summer 2021. Conclusions: Study results will demonstrate whether game-based meditation therapy improves posttraumatic stress and neurobiological stress systems, and whether it is more effective than treatment as usual alone for traumatized adolescents. Trial Registration: Netherlands Trial Register NL6689 (NTR6859); https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/6689}, keywords = {Adolescents; Autonomic nervous system; Cortisol; Meditation; Neurofeedback; Posttraumatic stress; Randomized controlled trial; Trauma}, url = {/vuams-pubs/game-PDF.pdf}, DOI = {10.2196/19881}, author = {Schuurmans, A. A. and Nijhof, K. S. and Scholte, R. and Popma, A. and Otten, R.} } @Article { GuyonSHHNG2020, title = {Music performance anxiety from the challenge and threat perspective: psychophysiological and performance outcomes}, journal = {BMC psychology}, year = {2020}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1-13}, abstract = {Background: Although many musicians perceive music performance anxiety (MPA) as a significant problem, studies about the psychobiological and performance-related concomitants of MPA are limited. Using the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat as theoretical framework, we aim to investigate whether musicians’ changes in their psychobiological responses and performance quality from a private to a public performance are moderated by their general MPA level. According to the challenge and threat framework, individuals are in a threat state when the perceived demands of a performance situation outweigh the perceived resources, whereas they are in a challenge state when the perceived resources outweigh the perceived demands. The resources-demands differential (resources minus demands) and the cardiovascular challenge-threat index (sum of cardiac output and reverse scored total peripheral resistance) are the main indices of these states. We postulate that the relationship between general MPA level and performance quality is mediated by these challenge and threat measures. Methods: We will test 100 university music students reporting general MPA levels ranging from low to high. They will perform privately (i.e., without audience) and publicly (i.e., with an audience) on two separate days in counterbalanced order. During each performance session, we will record their cardiovascular and respiratory activity and collect saliva samples and self-reported measures. Measures of primary interest are self-reported anxiety, the resources-demands differential, the cardiovascular challenge-threat index, sigh rate, total respiratory variability, partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide and the salivary biomarkers cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and alpha-amylase. Both, the participants and anonymous experts will evaluate the performance quality from audio recordings. Discussion: The results of the planned project are expected to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the psychobiology of MPA and of the processes that influence musicians’ individual reactions to performance situations. We also anticipate the findings of this project to have important implications for the development and implementation of theory-based interventions aimed at managing musicians’ anxiety and improving performance quality. Thanks to the use of multimethod approaches incorporating psychobiology, it might be possible to better assess the progress and success of interventions and ultimately improve musicians’ chance to have a successful professional career. Trial registration: Not applicable.}, keywords = {Music performance anxiety, Biopsychosocial model, Challenge, Threat, Respiration, Cardiovascular activity, Salivary cortisol, Salivary dehydroepiandrosterone, Salivary alpha-amylase, Music performance quality}, url = {/vuams-pubs/s40359-020-00448-8.pdf}, DOI = {10.1186/s40359-020-00448-8}, author = {Guyon, A. J. and Struder, R. K. and Hildebrandt, H. and Horsch, A. and Nater, U. M. and Gomez, P.} } @Article { DuijndamKDK2020, title = {Physiological and emotional responses to evaluative stress in socially inhibited young adults}, journal = {Biological psychology}, year = {2020}, volume = {149}, pages = {107811}, abstract = {Background:There are large individual differences in dealing with everyday social stress. Therefore, we in-vestigated the association of social inhibition (and its facets) with the emotional and physiological responses tothe Trier Social Stress Test (TSST).Methods:Undergraduate students (N= 312) completed the 15-item Social Inhibition Questionnaire (SIQ15) andparticipated in the TSST, while emotional and cardiovascular stress responses were recorded. We examined theeffect of social inhibition across time with repeated-measures ANCOVAs.Findings:During social stress (and recovery), social inhibition was associated with increased negative moodreactivity (especially the behavioral inhibition facet) and heightened sympathetic activation (especially thesocial withdrawal and interpersonal sensitivity). Physiological stress reactivity seems to be mostly?-adrenergicin women, and also?-adrenergic in men.Conclusions:Emotional and physiological stress responses are associated with individual differences in socialinhibition. This warrants more research on mechanisms that underlie the relations between social inhibition,stress and health.}, keywords = {Stress, Social inhibition, Emotional reactivity, Physiological reactivity, Social stress}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Physiological and emotional responses to evaluative stress in socially inhibited young adults _ Elsevier Enhanced Reader.html}, DOI = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107811}, author = {Duijndam, S. and Karreman, A. and Denollet, J. and Kupper, N.} } @Article { LevervanMilligenLSP2020, title = {Physiological stress markers, mental health and objective physical function}, journal = {Journal of psychosomatic research}, year = {2020}, volume = {133}, pages = {109996}, abstract = {Objective:The observed poorer physical function in persons with mental disorders could partly be due to dys-regulation in physiological stress systems. However, an integrated picture of the role of physiological stresssystems on objective physical function is lacking. This study examined the association of multiple physiologicalstress systems with objective physical function, and explored whether these stress systems contribute to therelationship between depression/anxiety and poorer physical function.Methods:Data of 2860 persons of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety was used. Physical functionwas indicated by hand grip strength assessed using a hand-held dynamometer and lung function assessed using apeakflow meter. Inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-?), salivary cortisol (cortisol awakening response(AUCg, AUCi), evening cortisol) and ANS markers (heartrate, PEP, RSA) were determined. Depression/anxietydisorders were determined using psychiatric interviews. Linear regression analyses were adjusted for socio-demographics, health and lifestyle factors.Results:Higher inflammation levels were associated with lower hand grip strength (BCRP= -0.21(SE = 0.06),p< .001) and lower lung function (BCRP= -2.07(SE = 0.66),p= .002), BTNF-?=?3.35(SE = 1.42),p= .022). Higher salivary cortisol levels were associated with lower lung function (Beveningcortisol=?2.22(SE = 0.59),p< .001). The association, in women, between depression/anxiety disorders andpoorer physical function did not significantly diminish after adjustment for physiological stress markers.Conclusion:This large cohort study showed that stress system dysfunction (especially the immune-inflammatorysystem and HPA-axis) contributes to poorer objective physical function. Stress system dysfunction did not ex-plain the poorer physical function observed in persons with depression/anxiety disorders, suggesting that otherpathways are involved to explain that association.}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Hand grip strength, Lung function, Physical function, Physiological stres}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Physiological stress markers, mental he...pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109996}, author = {Lever-van Milligen, B. A. and Lamers, F. and Smit, J. H. and Penninx, B. W.} } @Article { SchlinkertHBK2020, title = {Preoccupied with the body: mild stress amplifies the relation between rumination and interoception}, journal = {Cognition and Emotion}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Classic and modern emotion theories suggest that the perception of bodily sensations, or interoception, is foundational to emotion processing. The present research examined whether interoception is enhanced among people high in ruminative tendencies, especially under stress. To test this notion, the present research examined the effects of a mild stressor on subjective and objective measures of interoception among people varying in ruminative tendencies. Under conditions of mild stress, rumination was positively associated with self-reported private body consciousness -a marker of interoceptive sensibility- in Study 1 (N = 312) and with heartbeat detection accuracy (especially in the presence of auditory interference) in Study 2 (N = 180). In both studies, rumination was not significantly associated with interoceptive sensibility or accuracy in the absence of stress. These findings suggest that stress-induced amplification of bodily sensations may be important in explaining emotional dysregulation among chronic ruminators.}, keywords = {State orientation; body perception; self-control; heartbeat perception; dimensions of interoception}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Preoccupied with the body mild stress amplifies the relation between rumination and interoception.pdf}, DOI = {10.1080/02699931.2020.1746242}, author = {Schlinkert, C. and Herbert, B. M. and Baumann, N. and Koole, S. L.} } @Article { BakkumOVKFSD2020, title = {Psychophysiological responses underlying unresolved loss and trauma in the Adult Attachment Interview}, journal = {Development and Psychopathology}, year = {2020}, pages = {1-16}, abstract = {Unresolved loss/trauma in the context of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) has been theorised to result from dissociative processing of fear-related memories and ideas. To examine the plausibility of this model, this study tested hypothesised associations between unresolved loss/trauma and indicators of autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity. First-time pregnant women (N = 235) participated in the AAI while heart rate (interbeat interval; IBI) and indicators of parasympathetic reactivity (respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) and sympathetic reactivity (pre-ejection period; PEP, skin conductance level; SCL) were recorded. Using multilevel modelling, ANS reactivity was examined in relation to topic (loss/trauma versus other questions); discussion of actual loss/trauma; classification of unresolved/disorganised; and unresolved responses during the interview. Responses to loss/trauma questions and discussion of loss were associated with respectively larger and smaller IBIs. There was no moderation by unresolved/disorganised status. Unresolved responses about loss were associated with smaller IBIs. Participants classified as unresolved/disorganised showed decreasing PEP and blunted SCL throughout the whole interview. The findings suggest that unresolved speech about loss co-occurs with physiological arousal, although the inconclusive findings regarding parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system responses fail to clearly support the role of fear.}, keywords = {adult attachment, autonomic nervous system reactivity, loss, childhood abuse, trauma recall}, url = {/vuams-pubs/div-class-title-psychophysiological-responses-underlying-unresolved-loss-and-trauma-in-the-adult-attachment-interview-div.pdf}, DOI = {10.1017/S0954579420001492}, author = {Bakkum, L. and Oosterman, M. and Verhage, M. L. and Kunseler, F. C. and Fearon, R. P. and Schuengel, C. and Duschinsky, R.} } @Article { DekkersPSOBJH2020, title = {Risk taking by adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a behavioral and psychophysiological investigation of peer influence}, journal = {Journal of abnormal child psychology}, year = {2020}, volume = {48}, number = {9}, pages = {1129-1141}, abstract = {Adolescents with ADHD demonstrate increased risk-taking behavior (RTB) like substance abuse and dangerous traffic conduct. RTB in adolescence is more likely under peer influence. The current investigation (1) tests the hypothesis that adolescents with ADHD are particularly susceptible to such influence and (2) tests whether groups differed in autonomic reactivity to peer influence. Adolescent boys between 12 and 19 years with (n = 81) and without (n = 99) ADHD performed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task twice. In the peer condition, a highly credible virtual peer manipulation that encouraged risk taking was added, in the solo condition this was absent. Autonomic reactivity was indexed by heart rate (HR), pre-ejection period (PEP) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). All adolescents engaged in more risk taking in the peer condition relative to solo condition. Autonomic differences between groups were only found on PEP: a stronger sympathetic response to peer influence was observed in typically developing adolescents relative to adolescents with ADHD. Increased physiological stress (as indexed by PEP) in the peer relative to the solo condition predicted peer-induced risk taking in all adolescents. We conclude that susceptibility to peer influence is not exaggerated in ADHD but rather reflects a general tendency of adolescents. As adolescents experiencing peer influence as stressful are most susceptible to peer influence, we suggest that increasing resistance to peer influence may be an important treatment aim for these adolescents specifically.}, keywords = {Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Risk taking . Peer influence . Autonomic reactivity . Stress . Balloon analogue risk task (BART)}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Dekkers2020_Article_RiskTakingByAdolescentsWithAtt.pdf}, DOI = {10.1007/s10802-020-00666}, author = {Dekkers, T. J. and Popma, A. and Sonuga-Barke, E. J. and Oldenhof, H. and Bexkens, A. and Jansen, B. R. and Huizenga, H. M.} } @Article { ThurstonWACBDM2020, title = {Sleep characteristics and white matter hyperintensities among midlife women}, journal = {Sleep}, year = {2020}, volume = {43}, number = {6}, pages = {zsz298}, abstract = {Study Objectives: Sleep disturbance is common among midlife women. Poor self-reported sleep characteristics have been linked to cerebrovascular disease and dementia risk. However, little work has considered the relation of objectively assessed sleep characteristics and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), a marker of small vessel disease in the brain. Among 122 midlife women, we tested whether women with short or disrupted sleep would have greater WMH, adjusting for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, estradiol, and physiologically assessed sleep hot flashes. Methods: We recruited 122 women (mean age = 58 years) without a history of stroke or dementia who underwent 72 h of actigraphy to quantify sleep, 24 h of physiologic monitoring to quantify hot flashes; magnetic resonance imaging to assess WMH; phlebotomy, questionnaires, and physical measures (blood pressure, height, and weight). Associations between actigraphy-assessed sleep (wake after sleep onset and total sleep time) and WMH were tested in linear regression models. Covariates included demographics, CVD risk factors (blood pressure, lipids, and diabetes), estradiol, mood, and sleep hot flashes. Results: Greater actigraphy-assessed waking after sleep onset was associated with more WMH [B(SE) = .008 (.002), p = 0.002], adjusting for demographics, CVD risk factors, and sleep hot flashes. Findings persisted adjusting for estradiol and mood. Neither total sleep time nor subjective sleep quality was related to WMH. Conclusions: Greater actigraphy-assessed waking after sleep onset but not subjective sleep was related to greater brain WMH among midlife women. Poor sleep may be associated with brain small vessel disease at midlife, which can increase the risk for brain disorders.}, keywords = {white matter hyperintensities; brain; sleep; actigraphy}, url = {/vuams-pubs/zsz298.pdf}, DOI = {10.1093/sleep/zsz298}, author = {Thurston, R. C. and Wu, M. and Aizenstein, H. J. and Chang, Y. and Barinas Mitchell, E. and Derby, C. A. and Maki, P. M.} } @Article { BehnkeKK2020, title = {Social challenge and threat predict performance and cardiovascular responses during competitive video gaming}, journal = {Psychology of Sport and Exercise}, year = {2020}, volume = {46}, pages = {101584}, abstract = {Individuals tend to compare themselves with others, and the results of these self-evaluations influence subsequent performance. When individuals perceive anadvantage over their rivals (challenge-type response), they achieve higher levels of performance. According to the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat,benefits of favourable appraisals are partly mediated by cardiovascular efficiency, which is increased by challenge and decreased by threat evaluations. In this study,we tested whether the biopsychosocial model can be extended to predict behavioural outcomes in esports. We expected that challenge-type evaluations wouldincrease performance compared to threat-type evaluations. Eighty-two men were assigned to a challenge or threat group and completed three rounds of Counter-Strike: Global Offensive–a video game popular in esports. Individuals with the highest scores were awarded cash prizes. Cardiovascular markers of challenge andthreat, cognitive appraisals, and game scores were recorded. We manipulated the social challenge and social threat evaluation by informing participants that theirperformance in the initial round was superior (challenge) or inferior (threat) compared with other gamers. We found that individuals with more gaming experience,believed they were better than other gamers, had higher heart rate and, in turn, achieved higher scores. These effects were related to initial situational appraisal atthe baseline and were not boosted by feedback provided during the actual performance. These results are thefirst to document that social comparisons among gamersare accurate in the prediction of future physiological and behavioural outcomes. Furthermore, thesefindings emphasize that physiological responses mediaterelationships between action-related cognitions and performance.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Social challenge and threat predict per...pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101584}, author = {Behnke, M. and Kosakowski, M. and Kacmarek, L. D.} } @Article { BusscherSd2020, title = {Synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity during flight as an indicator of treatment outcome for aviophobia: A longitudinal study with 3-year follow-up}, journal = {Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry}, year = {2020}, volume = {67}, pages = {101443}, abstract = {Background and objectives:Emotion can be seen as the organizing process that coordinates response systems todeal effectively with challenges and opportunities. Synchronous change in subjective and physiological re-activity is regarded as an indication of this organizing process. Synchrony is expected to increase with theintensity of emotional stimuli. Conversely, adaptive emotional functioning could be indicated by progressivesynchrony upon increasing demands, and the magnitude of synchrony could be an indication of progress duringtherapy.Methods:We examined whether synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity over repeatedexposures increased from watching a flight video through simulated flight to actual flight, and whether themagnitude of synchronous change predicted favourable short- and long-term treatment outcome within a groupof 77 aviophobic participants during CBT.Results:Results did not show a relationship between the intensity of the phobic stimuli and the magnitude ofsynchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity. Moreover, synchronous change across both re-sponse systems did not predict treatment outcome.Limitations:By design this study had no control group. Additional treatment or life events between end oftreatment and 3-year follow-up were not assessed.Conclusion:The results provide only weak support for the functionalistic view that successful treatment of an-xiety disorders is indicated by synchronous change in reactivity across emotional response systems. The re-lationship between these systems is likely to be affected by many intervening variables including higher ordercognitive processes.}, keywords = {Anxiety, Fear of flying, Physiological reactivity, Emotion regulation, Exposure in vivo, Synchrony}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Synchronous change in subjective and ph...pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.12.004}, author = {Busscher, B. and Spinhoven, P. and de Geus, E. J.} } @Article { ZijlmansMBvLFP2020, title = {The predictive value of neurobiological measures for recidivism in delinquent male young adults}, journal = {J Psychiatry Neurosci}, year = {2020}, volume = {46}, number = {2}, abstract = {Background: Neurobiological measures have been associated with delinquent behaviour, but little is known about the predictive power of these measures for criminal recidivism and whether they have incremental value over and above demographic and behavioural measures. This study examined whether selected measures of autonomic functioning, functional neuroimaging and electroencephalography predict overall and serious recidivism in a sample of 127 delinquent young adults. Methods: We assessed demographics; education and intelligence; previous delinquency and drug use; behavioural traits, including aggression and psychopathy; and neurobiological measures, including heart rate, heart rate variability, functional brain activity during an inhibition task and 2 electroencephalographic measures of error-processing. We tested longitudinal associations with recidivism using Cox proportional hazard models and predictive power using C-indexes. Results: Past offences, long-term cannabis use and reactive aggression were strongly associated with recidivism, as were resting heart rate and error-processing. In the predictive model, demographics, past delinquency, drug use and behavioural traits had moderate predictive power for overall and for serious recidivism (C-index over 30 months [fraction of pairs in the data, where the higher observed survival time was correctly predicted]: C30 = 0.68 and 0.75, respectively). Neurobiological measures significantly improved predictive power (C30 = 0.72 for overall recidivism and C30 = 0.80 for serious recidivism). Limitations: Findings cannot be generalized to females, and follow-up was limited to 4 years. Conclusion: Demographic and behavioural characteristics longitudinally predicted recidivism in delinquent male young adults, and neurobiological measures improved the models. This led to good predictive function, particularly for serious recidivism. Importantly, the most feasible measures (autonomic functioning and electroencephalography) proved to be useful neurobiological predictors.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/46-2-E271.pdf}, DOI = {10.1503/jpn.200103}, author = {Zijlmans, J. and Marhe, R. and Bevaart, F. and van Duin, L. and Luijks, M. J. A. and Franken, I. and ... and Popma, A.} } @Article { ThurstonCKCMvJ2020, title = {The relationship of trauma exposure to heart rate variability during wake and sleep in midlife women}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2020}, volume = {57}, number = {4}, pages = {e13514}, abstract = {Traumatic experiences are common and linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, yet the mechanisms underlying these relationships is less well understood. Few studies have examined trauma exposure and its relation to autonomic influence over cardiac function, a potential pathway linking trauma exposure to CVD risk. Investigating autonomic influence over cardiac function during both wake and sleep is critical, given particular links of sleep autonomic function to cardiovascular health. Among midlife women, we tested whether trauma exposure would be related to lower high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), an index of vagal influence over cardiac function, during wake and sleep. Three hundred and one nonsmoking midlife women completed physical measures, a 24-hr electrocardiogram, actigraphy sleep measurement, and questionnaires about trauma (Brief Trauma Questionnaire), childhood abuse (Child Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ]), mood, demographics, and medical/ psychiatric history. Relations between trauma and HF-HRV were assessed in linear mixed effects models adjusting for covariates (age, race, education, body mass index, blood pressure, psychiatric history, medication use, sleep, mood, childhood abuse history). Results indicated that most women had experienced trauma. Any trauma exposure as well as a greater number of traumatic experiences were associated with lower HF-HRV during wake and particularly during sleep. Relations were not accounted for by covariates. Among midlife women, trauma exposure was related to lower HFHRV during wake and sleep. Trauma may have an important impact on vagal influence over the heart, particularly during sleep. Decreased vagal influence over cardiac function may be a key mechanism by which trauma is associated with CVD risk.}, keywords = {cardiovascular, heart rate variability, middle-age adults, social factors, stress}, url = {/vuams-pubs/psyp.13514.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/psyp.13514}, author = {Thurston, R. C. and Carson, M. Y. and Koenen, K. C. and Chang, Y. and Matthews, K. A. and von Kanel, R. and Jennings, J. R.} } @Article { vanderMeeDGWd2020, title = {The short Sing-a-Song Stress Test: A practical and valid test of autonomic responses induced by social-evaluative stress}, journal = {Autonomic Neuroscience}, year = {2020}, volume = {224}, pages = {102612}, abstract = {TheSing-a-SongStressTest(SSST)wasrecentlydevelopedasanalternativetotheTrierSocialStressTest(TSST)toinvestigateautonomicnervoussystemresponsestosocial-evaluativestress.IntheSSST,participantsaresuddenlycuedtosingasonginthepresenceofconfederates.However,theSSSTisstillquitelong(\verb=~=15min)andthe requirement for confederates makes it labor-intensive. The current study tested whether a shorter(\verb=~=6.5min),single-experimenter,versionoftheSSSTcanstillreliablyelicitsubjectiveandphysiologicalstressreactivity.Oursampleconsistedof87healthyyoungadultparticipants(agerange:18–35years).DuringtheshortSSSTandaspeededreactiontimetask,inwhichaversiveloudtonesweretobeavoided(TA),wemeasuredheartperiod(HP),sympatheticnervoussystem(SNS)activityusingpre-ejection-period(PEP),skinconductancelevel(SCL),andnon-specificskinconductanceresponses(ns.SCR),andparasympatheticnervoussystem(PNS)ac-tivityusingrespiratory-sinus-arrhythmia(RSA)andtheroot-mean-squareofsuccessivedifferences(RMSSD).TheshortSSSTinducedsignificantdecreasesinpositiveaffectandincreasesinnegativeaffect.MANOVAsontheclustersofSNSandPNSvariablesshowedthattheshortSSSTelicitedsignificantHP(?118.46ms),PEP(?7.76ms),SCL(+4.85?S),ns.SCR(+8.42peaks/min)andRMSSD(?14.67)reactivity.Affective,SNS,andPNSreactivitytothenewSSSTsocial-evaluativestresstaskwereofcomparablemagnitudetothatevokedbytheTAmentalstressor.WeconcludethattheshortSSSTisavalidandcost-effectivetaskforlargescaledstudiestoinducesocial-evaluativestresstoasufficientdegreetoevokemeasurablechangesinPNSandSNSactivityandaffectivestate.}, keywords = {Sing-a-Song Stress Test, Social-evaluative stress, Affect, Parasympathetic nervous system, Sympathetic nervous system}, url = {/vuams-pubs/The short Sing-a-Song Stress Test_ A practical and valid test of autonomic responses induced by social-evaluative stress _ Elsevier Enhanced Reader.html}, DOI = {10.1016/j.autneu.2019.102612}, author = {van der Mee, D. J. and Duivestein, Q. and Gevonden, M. J. and Westerink, J. H. D. M. and de Geus, E. J.} } @Article { SchuurmansdNRSPO2020, title = {Validity of the Empatica E4 Wristband to Measure Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Parameters: a Comparison to Electrocardiography (ECG)}, journal = {Journal of medical systems}, year = {2020}, volume = {44}, number = {11}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {Wearable monitoring devices are an innovative way to measure heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), however, there is still debate about the validity of these wearables. This study aimed to validate the accuracy and predictive value of the Empatica E4 wristband against the VU University Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS) in a clinical population of traumatized adolescents in residential care. A sample of 345 recordings of both the Empatica E4 wristband and the VU-AMS was derived from a feasibility study that included fifteen participants. They wore both devices during two experimental testing and twelve intervention sessions. We used correlations, cross-correlations, Mann-Whitney tests, difference factors, Bland-Altman plots, and Limits of Agreement to evaluate differences in outcomes between devices. Significant correlations were found between Empatica E4 and VU-AMS recordings for HR, SDNN, RMSSD, and HF recordings. There was a significant difference between the devices for all parameters but HR, although effect sizes were small for SDNN, LF, and HF. For all parameters but RMSSD, testing outcomes of the two devices led to the same conclusions regarding significance. The Empatica E4 wristband provides a new opportunity to measure HRV in an unobtrusive way. Results of this study indicate the potential of the Empatica E4 as a practical and valid tool for research on HR and HRV under non-movement conditions. While more research needs to be conducted, this study could be considered as a first step to support the use of HRV recordings provided by wearables.}, keywords = {Autonomic nervous system . Electrocardiography . Empatica . Heart rate variability . Validation . Wearables}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Schuurmans2020_Article_ValidityOfTheEmpaticaE4Wristba.pdf}, DOI = {10.1007/s10916-020-01648-w}, author = {Schuurmans, A. A. and de Loof, P. and Nijhof, K. S. and Rosada, C. and Scholte, R.H. and Popma, A. and Otten, R.} } @Article { vanLangenvDSvvd2020, title = {Which Child Will Benefit From a Behavioral Intervention for ADHD? A Pilot Study to Predict Intervention Efficacy From Individual Reward Sensitivity}, journal = {Journal of Attention Disorders}, year = {2020}, pages = {1087054720928136}, abstract = {Objective: This article aims to assess whether individual differences in reward sensitivity can be used to predict which children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) will benefit most from behavioral interventions that include reinforcement. Methods: A 12-week behavioral intervention was offered to 21 children with ADHD and their parents. Reward sensitivity was assessed prior to the intervention using a combination of psychological and physiological measures. ADHD symptoms were assessed pre- and posttreatment using the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD and Normal behavior (SWAN) rating scale. Results: Lower scores on one of the questionnaire scales were associated with greater pre/ posttreatment differences in ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: We found that pre/posttreatment change was associated with one measure of parent-rated reward sensitivity. Children with low impulsive negative behavior toward gaining reward improved most during treatment. This result suggests that aspects of reward-related behaviors in ADHD may be useful to predict the effectiveness of treatment.}, keywords = {attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, reward sensitivity, reward processing, behavioral interventions}, url = {/vuams-pubs/1087054720928136.pdf}, DOI = {10.1177/1087054720928136}, author = {van Langen, M. J. and van Hulst, B. M. and Douma, M. and Steffers, M. and van der Wiel, N. M. and van den Ban, E. and ... and de Zeeuw, P.} } @Article { SchuurmansNSP2019, title = {A novel approach to improve stress regulation among traumatized youth in residential care: Feasibility study testing three game-based meditation interventions}, journal = {Early Intervention in Psychiatry}, year = {2019}, month = {8}, day = {25}, pages = {1-10}, abstract = {Aim: Many youth in residential care suffer from post-traumatic symptoms that have adverse effects on a range of psychological, behavioural and physiological outcomes. Although current evidence-based treatment options are effective, they have their limitations. Meditation interventions are an alternative to traditional trauma-focused treatment. This pilot study aimed to evaluate three game-based meditation interventions in a sample of traumatized youth in residential care. Methods: Fifteen participants were randomly divided over three conditions (Muse, DayDream and Wild Divine) that all consisted of twelve 15-minute game-play sessions. Physiological measurements (heart rate variability) were conducted at baseline, post-treatment and during each intervention session. Post-traumatic symptoms, stress, depression, anxiety and aggression were assessed at baseline, post-treatment and 1-month follow-up. Results: Physiological stress regulation was improved during the meditation sessions of all three interventions. User evaluations were in particular high for Muse with a rating of 8.42 out of 10 for game evaluation. Overall, outcomes on psychopathology demonstrated the most robust effect on stress. Muse performed best, with all participants showing reliable improvements (reliable change indexes [RCIs]) in posttraumatic symptoms, stress and anxiety. Participants who played Daydream or Wild Divine showed inconsistent progression: some participants improved, whereas others remained stable or even deteriorated based on their RCIs. Conclusions: Preliminary findings show promising outcomes on physiology, psychopathology and user evaluations. All indicate the potential of this innovative form of stress regulation intervention, and the potential of Muse in particular, although findings should be considered preliminary due to our small sample size. Further studies are warranted to assess intervention effectiveness effects of Muse or other gamebased meditation interventions for traumatized youth.}, keywords = {adolescents, game-based intervention, meditation, post-traumatic stress, trauma}, url = {/vuams-pubs/A_novel_approach_to_improve_stress_regulation_among_traumatized_youth_in_residential_care_-_Feasibility_study_testing_three_game-based_meditation_interventions.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/eip.12874}, author = {Schuurmans, Angela A. T. and Nijhof, Karin S. and Scholte, Ron and Popma, Arne} } @Article { NotenvHvS2019_2, title = {Infant emotional responses to challenge predict empathic behavior in toddlerhood}, journal = {Developmental Psychobiology}, year = {2019}, month = {7}, day = {7}, abstract = {Although emotional responses are theorized to be important in the development of empathy, findings regarding the prediction of early empathic behavior by infant behavioral and physiological responses are mixed. This study examined whether behavioral and physiological responses to mild emotional challenge (still face paradigm and car seat task) in 118 infants at age 6 months predicted empathic distress and empathic concern in response to an empathy?evoking task (i.e, experimenter's distress simulation) at age 20 months. Correlation analyses, corrected for sex and baseline levels of physiological arousal, showed that stronger physiological and behavioral responses to emotional challenge at age 6 months were positively related to observed empathic distress, but not empathic concern, at age 20 months. Linear regression analyses indicated that physiological and behavioral responses to challenge at 6 months independently predicted empathic distress at 20 months, which suggests an important role for both physiological and behavioral emotional responses in empathy development. In addition, curvilinear regression analyses showed quadratic associations between behavioral responses at 6 months, and empathic distress and empathic concern at 20 months, which indicates that moderate levels of behavioral responsivity predict the highest levels of empathic distress and empathic concern.}, affiliation = {1Department of Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands}, keywords = {autonomic nervous system, empathy, infant, pre?ejection period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Infant_emotional_responses_to_challenge_predict_empathic_behavior_in_toddlerhood.pdf}, DOI = {10.1002/dev.21903}, author = {Noten, Malou M. P. G. and van der Heijden, Kristiaan B. and Huijbregts, phan C. J. and van Goozen, Stephanie H. M. and Swaab, Hanna} } @Article { NotenvHvS2019, title = {Indicators of affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and social attention during emotional clips in relation to aggression in 3-year-olds}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology}, year = {2019}, month = {5}, day = {13}, volume = {185}, pages = {35-50}, abstract = {Research indicates that impaired empathy is a risk factor of aggression and that social attention is important for empathy. The role of social attention in associations between empathy and aggression has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, indicators of affective empathy, cognitive empathy, social attention, and aggression were simultaneously assessed in children aged 45?months. A total of 61 mother–child dyads participated in a lab visit, during which maternal reports of aggression were obtained. Children watched three clips showing a sad, scared, and happy child, respectively, and a neutral social clip while heart rate was recorded. Heart rate change from nonsocial baseline clips to emotional clips was calculated as an index of affective empathy. Questions about the emotions of the children in the clips were asked to assess cognitive empathy. Social attention was defined as time spent looking at faces during the clips. Correlation analyses revealed negative associations between affective empathy and aggression and between social attention and aggression. Furthermore, multivariate linear regression analyses indicated that the association between affective empathy and aggression was moderated by social attention; the negative association between affective empathy and aggression was stronger in children with relatively reduced social attention. No association was found between cognitive empathy and aggression. Therefore, both affective empathy and social attention are important targets for early interventions that aim to prevent or reduce aggression.}, affiliation = {Department of Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2300 RB Leiden, the Netherlands}, keywords = {EmpathySocial attentionAggressionPreschoolHeart rateEye-tracking}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Indicators_of_affective_empathy__cognitive_empathy__and_social_attention_during_emotional_clips_in_relation_to_aggression_in_3-year-olds.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jecp.2019.04.012}, author = {Noten, M.M.P.G. and van der Heijden, K.B. and Huijbregts, S.C.J. and van Goozen, S.H.M. and Swaab, H.} } @Article { GurelCILe2019, title = {Comparison of autonomic stress reactivity in young healthy versus aging subjects with heart disease}, journal = {Plos One}, year = {2019}, month = {5}, day = {8}, volume = {14}, number = {5}, pages = {e0216278}, abstract = {Background The autonomic response to acute emotional stress can be highly variable, and pathological responses are associated with increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. We evaluated the autonomic response to stress reactivity of young healthy subjects and aging subjects with coronary artery disease to understand how the autonomic stress response differs with aging. Methods Physiologic reactivity to arithmetic stress in a cohort of 25 young, healthy subjects (< 30 years) and another cohort of 25 older subjects (> 55 years) with CAD was evaluated using electrocardiography, impedance cardiography, and arterial pressure recordings. Stressrelated changes in the pre-ejection period (PEP), which measures sympathetic activity, and high frequency heart rate variability (HF HRV), which measures parasympathetic activity, were analyzed as primary outcomes. Results Mental stress reduced PEP in both groups (p<0.01), although the decrease was 50\% greater in the healthy group. Mean HF HRV decreased significantly in the aging group only (p = 0.01). Discussion PEP decreases with stress regardless of health and age status, implying increased sympathetic function. Its decline with stress may be attenuated in CAD. The HF HRV (parasympathetic) stress reactivity is more variable and attenuated in younger individuals; perhaps this is related to a protective parasympathetic reflex.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Comparison_of_autonomic_stress_reactivity_in_young_healthy_versus_aging_subjects_with_heart_disease.pdf}, DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0216278}, author = {Gurel, Nil Z. and Carek, Andrew M. and Inan, Omer T. and Levantsevych, Oleksiy and et al.} } @Article { deRuighPTWvVJ2019, title = {Predicting quality of life during and post detention in incarcerated juveniles}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, year = {2019}, month = {3}, day = {14}, volume = {28}, pages = {1813-1823}, abstract = {Purpose Besides reducing recidivism, juvenile justice institutions aim to rehabilitate juvenile delinquents, in order for them to reintegrate in society. As such, improving quality of life (QoL), especially post detention, is an important treatment goal. However, research is primarily focused on recidivism as an outcome measure for juvenile detention. The aim of the current study is therefore to describe and predict QoL of detained young offenders up to 1 year after an initial assessment, and to examine whether QoL differs between youth who are still detained versus released. Methods A sample of 186 juveniles admitted to juvenile justice institutions in the Netherlands was assessed within the institution (initial assessment/T0), using psychosocial and neurobiological factors as predictors (self-control, treatment motivation, trauma, mental health problems, respiratory sinus arrhythmia). QoL (MANSA), as well as substance use (alcohol, cannabis) and daily activities (education, work) were assessed at first, second, and third follow-up (respectively 2.5 months, 4.5 months, and 12 months after T0). Results QoL increased from first to third follow-up, and was higher for individuals who were no longer detained. The model that best predicted higher QoL upon follow-up consisted of lower trauma and stronger parasympathetic nervous system reactivity. The effects of the predictors did not differ between the various follow-ups, nor between individuals who were or were not detained. Conclusion Methods incorporating trauma-sensitive focus and relaxation techniques in treatment protocols in juvenile justice institutions may be of added value in improving the general functioning of these individuals.}, affiliation = {Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Quality of life · General functioning · Juvenile offender · Trauma · Respiratory sinus arrhythmia}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Predicting_quality_of_life_during_and_post_detention_in_incarcerated_juveniles.pdf}, DOI = {10.1007/s11136-019-02160-6}, author = {de Ruigh, E.L. and Popma, A. and Twisk, J.W.R. and Wiers, R.W. and van der Baan, H.S. and Vermeiren, R.R.J.M. and Jansen, L.M.C.} } @Article { RiemK2019, title = {Experimental manipulation of emotion regulation changes mothers’ physiological and facial expressive responses to infant crying}, journal = {Infant Behavior and Development}, year = {2019}, month = {2}, day = {22}, volume = {55}, pages = {22-31}, abstract = {This study examined whether instructing mothers to apply emotion regulation strategies can change mothers’ perception and reactivity to infant crying in an experimental within-subject design. Perception of crying, skin conductance level (SCL), facial expressivity, and intended caregiving responses to cry sounds were measured in mothers (N?=?101, M?=?30.88 years) who received suppression, reappraisal, and no emotion regulation instructions. Reappraisal resulted in lower SCL during exposure to crying and a less negative perception of crying compared to the suppression condition. In contrast, suppression resulted in increased facial expressions of sadness compared to the control condition. Thus, simple instructions on how to reframe thoughts about crying can change mothers’ perception of and reactivity to crying.}, affiliation = {Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands}, keywords = {Infant cryingEmotion regulationSuppressionReappraisalParenting}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Experimental_manipulation_of_emotion_regulation_changes_mothers__physiological_and_facial_expressive_responses_to_infant_crying.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.02.003}, author = {Riem, Madelon M.E. and Karreman, Annemiek} } @Article { NotenvHvS2019_3, title = {Associations between empathy, inhibitory control, and physical aggression in toddlerhood}, journal = {Developmental psychobiology}, year = {2019}, volume = {62}, number = {6}, pages = {871-881}, abstract = {Impaired empathy has been associated with aggression in children, adolescents and adults, but results have been contradictory for the preschool period. Impaired inhibitory control also increases the risk of aggression, and possibly moderates empathy-aggression associations. The current study investigated whether empathy and inhibitory control are associated with aggression in toddlerhood. Furthermore, we aimed to clarify the role of inhibitory control in empathy and aggression, specifically, whether inhibitory control moderates the association between empathy and aggression. During a laboratory visit at age 30 months (N = 103), maternal reports of physical aggression were obtained and child inhibitory control was examined using a gift delay task. Empathy was examined by obtaining behavioral observations and recording physiological responses (heart rate response and respiratory sinus arrhythmia response) to an empathy-eliciting event (i.e., simulated distress). Reduced inhibitory control was associated with more aggression. Behavioral and physiological indicators of empathy were not associated with aggression. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed an interaction effect of heart rate response to distress simulation with inhibitory control in the prediction of aggression. Post hoc analyses indicated a negative association between heart rate response and aggression when inhibitory control was high, but a positive association was found in toddlers who demonstrated low inhibitory control. These results suggest that children are less aggressive when they have both high levels of empathy and inhibitory control. Therefore, both empathy and inhibition are important targets for interventions aiming to reduce or prevent aggression at a young age.}, keywords = {aggression, empathy, heart rate, inhibition, respiratory sinus arrhythmia}, url = {/vuams-pubs/dev.21951.pdf}, DOI = {10.1002/dev.21951}, author = {Noten, M. M. and van der Heijden, K. B. and Huijbregts, S. C. and van Goozen, S. H. and Swaab, H.} } @Article { OldenhofPABBBP2019, title = {Baseline autonomic nervous system activity in female children and adolescents with conduct disorder: Psychophysiological findings from the FemNAT-CD study}, journal = {Journal of Criminal Justice}, year = {2019}, volume = {65}, pages = {101564}, abstract = {Purpose:Autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning has been widely studied in relation to antisocial beha-vior, such as Conduct Disorder (CD). However, research in females is scarce andfindings are inconsistent. Thisstudy investigated baseline ANS activity in CD children and adolescents and tested for sex differences.Furthermore, subgroups of CD were investigated: +/?Limited Prosocial Emotions (LPE), +/?comorbid inter-nalizing disorders (INT).Methods:Baseline ANS activity was measured by Heart Rate (HR), Heart Rate Variability (HRV; parasympatheticactivity), Pre-Ejection Period (PEP; sympathetic activity), and Respiration Rate (RR). 659 females (296 CD, 363controls) and 351 males (187 CD, 164 controls), aged 9–18 years participated.Results:Baseline HR, HRV and PEP did not differ between CD subjects and controls in both sexes. RR was higherin CD participants than controls amongst females, but not males. LPE was unrelated to ANS activity, whereasfemales with CD + INT presented lower HRV.Conclusions:These results suggest that baseline ANS activity is not a robust indicator for CD. However, deviantANS activity–especially parasympathetic activity - was observed in CD females with internalizing comorbidity.}, keywords = {Conduct disorder, Psychophysiology, Autonomic nervous system, Sex differences, Emotion regulation}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Baseline autonomic nervous system activ...pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.05.011}, author = {Oldenhof, H. and Pratzlich, M. and Ackermann, K. and Backer, R. and Batchelor, M. and Baumann, S. and .... and Popma, A.} } @Article { BeijersWBLvdS2019, title = {Biomarker-based subtyping of depression and anxiety disorders using Latent Class Analysis. A NESDA study}, journal = {Psychological medicine}, year = {2019}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {617-627}, abstract = {Background. Etiological research of depression and anxiety disorders has been hampered by diagnostic heterogeneity. In order to address this, researchers have tried to identify more homogeneous patient subgroups. This work has predominantly focused on explaining interpersonal heterogeneity based on clinical features (i.e. symptom profiles). However, to explain interpersonal variations in underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, it might be more effective to take biological heterogeneity as the point of departure when trying to identify subgroups. Therefore, this study aimed to identify data-driven subgroups of patients based on biomarker profiles. Methods. Data of patients with a current depressive and/or anxiety disorder came from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, a large, multi-site naturalistic cohort study (n = 1460). Thirty-six biomarkers (e.g. leptin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tryptophan) were measured, as well as sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Latent class analysis of the discretized (lower 10\%, middle, upper 10\%) biomarkers were used to identify different patient clusters. Results. The analyses resulted in three classes, which were primarily characterized by different levels of metabolic health: ‘lean’ (21.6\%), ‘average’ (62.2\%) and ‘overweight’ (16.2\%). Inspection of the classes’ clinical features showed the highest levels of psychopathology, severity and medication use in the overweight class. Conclusions. The identified classes were strongly tied to general (metabolic) health, and did not reflect any natural cutoffs along the lines of the traditional diagnostic classifications. Our analyses suggested that especially poor metabolic health could be seen as a distal marker for depression and anxiety, suggesting a relationship between the ‘overweight’ subtype and internalizing psychopathology.}, keywords = {Anxiety; biomarkers; depression; latent class analysis; subtyping}, url = {/vuams-pubs/biomarkerbased_subtyping_of_depression_and_anxiety_disorders_using_latent_class_analysis_a_nesda_study.pdf}, DOI = {10.1017/ S0033291718001307}, author = {Beijers, L. and Wardenaar, K. J. and Bosker, F. J. and Lamers, F. and van Grootheest, G. and de Boer, M. K. and ... and Schroevers, R. A.} } @Article { CarsonT2019, title = {Childhood abuse and vasomotor symptoms among midlife women}, journal = {Menopause}, year = {2019}, volume = {26}, number = {10}, pages = {1093}, abstract = {Objective: Childhood maltreatment is related to adverse health outcomes. However, the relation of childhood maltreatment to the menopause transition, a universal transition for women often accompanied by troubling symptoms such as vasomotor symptoms, is relatively underexplored. This study tested whether childhood abuse and neglect are associated with menopausal vasomotor symptoms, utilizing both physiologic and prospective self-report measures of vasomotor symptoms. Methods: 295 nonsmoking perimenopausal and postmenopausal women aged 40 to 60 years with and without vasomotor symptoms completed psychosocial measures including the Child Trauma Questionnaire, ambulatory physiologic (sternal skin conductance) and self-report measurement of vasomotor symptoms during wake and sleep, and actigraphy measurement of sleep. Relationships between childhood abuse/neglect and vasomotor symptoms during wake and sleep were tested in linear regression models controlling for demographics, body mass index, and menopause stage. Results: 44\% of the sample reported abuse or neglect during childhood. Among women reporting vasomotor symptoms, childhood sexual or physical abuse was associated with more frequent physiologically-recorded vasomotor symptoms during sleep (sexual abuse: b(SE)=1.45(0.52), p=0.006; physical abuse: b(SE)=0.97(0.47), p=0.03) in multivariable models. Among these women, women with a physical or sexual abuse history had approximately 1.5-two fold the number of sleep vasomotor symptoms than women without this history. Conclusions: Childhood abuse is associated with more frequent physiologically-detected vasomotor symptoms during sleep.}, keywords = {Menopause; vasomotor symptoms; hot flashes; child abuse; neglect; maltreatment}, url = {/vuams-pubs/nihms-1528065.pdf}, DOI = {10.1097/GME.0000000000001366}, author = {Carson, M. Y. and Thurston, R. C.} } @Article { SmariusSDVZd2019, title = {Common oxytocin polymorphisms interact with maternal verbal aggression in early infancy impacting blood pressure at age 5-6: The ABCD study}, journal = {PloS one}, year = {2019}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {e0216035}, abstract = {Early life stress has been shown to contribute to alterations in biobehavioral regulation. Genetic make-up, especially related to social sensitivity, might affect the child’s vulnerability to these alterations. This study examined whether maternal verbally aggressive behavior in early infancy interacts with oxytocin polymorphisms in changing resting cardiovascular outcomes at age 5–6. In the Amsterdam-Born-Children-and-their-Development-(ABCD)-study, a large prospective, observational, population-based birth cohort, maternal verbally aggressive behavior was assessed in the 13th postnatal week (range 11–25 weeks, SD 2 weeks) by a questionnaire (maternal self-report). Indicators of resting cardiac autonomic nervous system activity (sympathetic drive by pre-ejection period, parasympathetic drive by respiratory sinus arrhythmia), heart rate, and blood pressure were measured at age 5–6 years. Data on oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms rs53576, rs2268498 and oxytocin polymorphisms rs2740210, rs4813627, were collected (N = 966 included). If the child was carrier of the rs53576 GG variant, exposure to maternal verbally aggressive behavior (10.6\%) was associated with increased systolic blood pressure at age 5–6 (B = 4.9 mmHg,95\% CI [2.2;7.7]). If the child was carrier of the rs2268498 TT/TC variant, exposure to maternal verbally aggressive behavior was associated with increased systolic blood pressure at age 5–6 (B = 3.0 mmHg,95\%CI[1.0:5.0]). No significant interactions of maternal verbally aggressive behavior with oxytocin gene polymorphisms on heart rate or cardiac autonomic nervous system activity were found. In conclusion, oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms may partly determine a child’s vulnerability to develop increased systolic blood pressure after being exposed to maternal verbally aggressive behavior in early infancy.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/pone.0216035.pdf}, DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0216035}, author = {Smarius, L. J. and Strieder, T. G. and Doreleijers, T. A. and Vrijkotte, T. G. and Zafarmand, M. H. and de Rooij, S. R.} } @Article { RomeroMartinezVM2019, title = {Emotional and autonomic dysregulation in abstinent alcoholic men: An idiosyncratic profile?}, journal = {Alcohol}, year = {2019}, volume = {77}, pages = {155-162}, abstract = {Men who misuse alcohol tend to experience negative affect, which may entail difficulties in regulatingemotions to cope effectively with stressful or anxiety-provoking situations, thus increasing the risk ofalcohol relapse. This dysphoric state has been associated with alexithymia, which compromises an in-dividual's abilities to acknowledge, recognize, and regulate emotional states. A physiological correlate ofemotional regulation is autonomicflexibility, as shown by emotional dysregulation in men who misusealcohol being correlated with reduced parasympathetic activation to control heart rate variability duringstress and/or conflict situations. Hence, the main aim of this study was to investigate whether long-termabstinent alcoholic (LTAA) men exhibit higher levels of negative affect and sympathetic activation(cardiovascular and electrodermal) in response to acute standardized laboratory stress than non-alcoholic controls. In addition, we hypothesized that the higher the alexithymic traits, the greaterwould be the increase in negative affect and sympathetic activation in response to stress, especially inLTAAs. Our data demonstrated that LTAAs experienced slightly greater increases in anxiety, states ofanger, and worsening of mood than controls. Moreover, they exhibited lower high-frequency heart ratevariability, respiratory sinus arrhythmia values, shorter pre-ejection periods, and higher respiratory ratesthan controls. Finally, alexithymic traits imply greater worsening of mood and sympathetic predomi-nance (shorter pre-ejection periods and smaller magnitude of response), with the associations beingstronger in LTAAs. Thesefindings indicate a different emotional and cardiovascular response to psy-chosocial stress in LTAA than non-alcoholic men. Improving our knowledge of the way this populationreacts to stress may help identify risk factors for alcohol relapse.}, keywords = {alcohol misuse, acute stress, heart rate variability, pre-ejection period, vagal tone}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Emotional and autonomic dysregulation in abstinent alcoholic men_ An idiosyncratic profile_ _ Elsevier Enhanced Reader.html}, DOI = {10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.01.007}, author = {Romero-Martinez, A. and Vitoria-Estruch, S. and Moya-Albiol, L.} } @Article { VerasteguiTenavP2019, title = {Heart rate, skin conductance, and explicit responses to juice samples with varying levels of expectation (dis) confirmation}, journal = {Food Quality and Preference}, year = {2019}, volume = {71}, pages = {320-331}, abstract = {Disconfirmations between consumers’expectations and a product’s actual properties can lead to different re-sponses in consumers. Most researchers study these responses focusing on thefinal judgement of the product.However, looking at consumers’physiological responses like those of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) couldhelp complement what is known about consumer reactions andfinal response to disconfirmed expectations. Thisstudy evaluated how ANS responses change when tasting juice samples that were as expected, that differedslightly, or that differed greatly from manipulated expectations and whether these responses vary from thoseobtained when there is no manipulation of expectations.Eighty-six participants tasted fruit and vegetable juices in two separate sessions. They were divided in twoconditions. In Condition A, expectations were manipulated by showing participants the image of an ingredientand then providing them with a juice whoseflavour was as expected, differed slightly, or differed greatly fromthat of the image. In Condition B, each juice wasfirst tasted without explicit information shown beforehand andthe image of the ingredient was shown afterwards. The images were the same as in Condition A. Heart rate andskin conductance were measured. To confirm that participants perceived confirmations and large and smalldisconfirmations when tasting the juices, they rated the samples in different sensory properties before and aftertasting them. Results from most of the sensory ratings, except sourness and taste intensity, showed that parti-cipants perceived the designed confirmation and disconfirmation of expectations accordingly. Regarding ANSresponses, heart rate had a larger increase during the second session than during thefirst. Skin conductanceresponses increased in Condition A but decreased in Condition B. In conclusion, our design managed to createconfirmations and varying levels of disconfirmations. ANS responses did not capture them but seemed to capturefactors like attention and the orientation response.}, keywords = {Autonomic nervous system, Heart rate, Skin conductance, Taste disconfirmation, Expectations}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Heart rate, skin conductance, and expli...pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.08.011}, author = {Verastegui-Tena, L. and van Trijp, H. and Piqueras-Fiszman, B.} } @Article { deRuighJVP2019, title = {Psychopathic Traits and Empathic Functioning in Detained Juveniles: Withdrawal Response to Empathic Sadness}, journal = {International Journal of Forensic Mental Health}, year = {2019}, pages = {1-14}, abstract = {In order to gain insight in empathic deficits in juveniles with severe antisocial problems and psychopathic traits, self-reported psychopathic traits and trait empathy were assessed in 416 detained male juveniles. State empathy was assessed by self-reported empathic and autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses to sad film clips. Psychopathic traits were significantly negatively correlated with empathy, although not with ANS responses. Individuals reporting no empathy showed significantly less heart rate withdrawal compared to individuals reporting higher empathy. This implies that physiological responses may be helpful in identifying juveniles with severely impaired empathic functioning, even in a severely antisocial sample.}, affiliation = {Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 303, 1115 ZG Duivendrecht, The Netherlands.}, keywords = {Detained juveniles; psychopathic traits; empathy; state/trait; autonomic nervous system}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Psychopathic_Traits_and_Empathic_Functioning_in_Detained_Juveniles_-_Withdrawal_Response_to_Empathic_Sadness.pdf}, ISSN = {1499-9013}, DOI = {10.1080/14999013.2019.1577317}, author = {de Ruigh, Esther L. and Jansen, Lucres M. C. and Vermeiren, Robert and Popma, Arne} } @Article { PratzlichOSABBS2019, title = {Resting autonomic nervous system activity is unrelated to antisocial behaviour dimensions in adolescents: Cross-sectional findings from a European multi-centre study}, journal = {Journal of criminal justice}, year = {2019}, volume = {65}, pages = {101536}, abstract = {Purpose: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning has long been studied in relation to antisocial behaviour, but relevant measures (heart rate, heart rate variability, pre-ejection period, respiration rate) have rarely been considered together. This study investigated the relationship between these measures and antisocial behaviour. Methods: Using a sample of 1010 youths with (47.8\%) and without conduct disorder (52.2\%) aged between 9and 18 years (659 females, 351 males, mean age = 14.2 years, SD = 2.4), principal component analysis (PCA)was applied to various measures of psychopathology and antisocial behavior. Structural equation modelling was performed in order to test whether the ANS measures predicted PCA-dimensions. Cluster analysis was used in order to classify patterns of ANS activity. Analyses were performed separately for males/females and controlled for body-mass-index, age, caffeine use, cigarette smoking, sports, socioeconomic status, medication, cardiac problems. Results: The PCA yielded three components: antisocial behaviour/comorbid psychopathology, narcissistic traits, and callous-unemotional traits. ANS measures were only weakly correlated with these components. Cluster analysis yielded high and low arousal clusters in both sexes. When controlling for covariates, all associations disappeared.}, keywords = {Autonomic nervous system, Antisocial behaviour, Callous-unemotional traits, Smoking, Cluster analysis, Sex}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Resting autonomic nervous system activity is unrelated to antisocial behaviour dimensions in adolescents_ Cross-sectional findings from a European multi-centre study _ Elsevier Enhanced Reader.html}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.01.004}, author = {Pratzlich, M. and Oldenhof, H. and Steppan, M. and Ackermann, K. and Baker, R. and Batchelor, M. and ... and Stadler, C.} } @Article { tenHaafFMRPvKd2019, title = {Submaximal heart rate seems inadequate to prescribe and monitor intensified training}, journal = {European Journal of Sport Science}, year = {2019}, volume = {19}, number = {8}, pages = {1082-1091}, abstract = {The aim of this study is to investigate whether the change in (sub)maximal heart rate after intensified training is associated with the change in performance. Thirty subjects were recruited who performed cardiopulmonary exercise tests to exhaustion 2 weeks before (pre), 1 week after (post) and 5 weeks after (follow-up) an 8-day non-competitive amateur cycling event (TFL). The exercise volume during the TFL was 7.7 fold the volume during the preparation period. Heart rate and cardiopulmonary parameters were obtained at standardised absolute submaximal workloads (low, medium and high intensity) and at peak level each test. Subjects were classified as functionally overreached (FOR) or acute fatigued (AF) based on the change in performance. No differences between FOR and AF were observed for heart rate (P = .51). On total group level (AF + FOR), post-TFL heart rate decreased significantly at low (?4.4 beats·min?1, 95\% CI [?8.7, ?0.1]) and medium (?5.5 beats·min?1 [?8.5, ?2.4]), but not at high intensity. Peak heart rate decreased ?3.4 beats·min?1 [?6.1, ?0.7]. O2pulse was on average 0.49 ml O2·beat?1 [0.09, 0.89] higher at all intensities after intensified training. No changes in V?O2 (P = .44) or the ventilatory threshold (P = .21) were observed. Pearson’s correlation coefficients revealed negative associations between heart rate and O2pulse at low (r = ?.56, P < .01) and medium intensity (r = ?.54, P < .01), but not with V?O2 or any other submaximal parameter. (Sub)maximal heart rate decreased after the TFL. However, this decrease is unrelated to the change in performance. Therefore, heart rate seems inadequate to prescribe and monitor intensified training.}, affiliation = {Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands}, keywords = {Overtraining, endurance, fatigue, performance, physiology}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Submaximal_heart_rate_seems_inadequate_to_prescribe_and_monitor_intensified_training.pdf}, ISSN = {1746-1391}, DOI = {10.1080/17461391.2019.1571112}, author = {ten Haaf, Twan and Foster, Carl and Meeusen, Romain and Roelands, Bart and Piacentini, Maria Francesca and van Staveren, Selma and Koenderman, Leo and de Koning, Jos J.} } @Article { OostermanSFd2019, title = {The impact of childhood trauma and psychophysiological reactivity on at-risk women’s adjustment to parenthood}, journal = {Development and Psychopathology}, year = {2019}, volume = {31}, pages = {127-141}, abstract = {Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have an impact on women’s adaptation to parenthood, but mechanisms are poorly understood. Autonomic nervous system reactivity was tested as a potential mediating mechanism in a sample of 193 at-risk primiparous women. ACEs were measured retrospectively during pregnancy. A baby cry-response task was administered during pregnancy while indicators of sympathetic reactivity (pre-ejection period; PEP) and parasympathetic reactivity (respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) were recorded. Parenting self-efficacy, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were measured during pregnancy and 1 year after giving birth. Harsh discipline was measured 2 years after giving birth. Structural equation modeling was employed to test whether baseline PEP and RSA and reactivity mediated links between ACEs and postnatal outcomes, adjusted for prenatal variables. High ACEs predicted less RSA reactivity (p ¼ .02), which subsequently predicted increases in depressive symptoms (p ¼ .03). The indirect effect was not significant (p ¼ .06). There was no indirect link between high ACEs and harsh parenting through PEP nor RSA (n ¼ 98). The parasympathetic nervous system may be involved in negative affective responses in the transition to parenthood among women exposed to childhood trauma.}, affiliation = {Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Section of Clinical Child and Family Studies, and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute}, url = {/vuams-pubs/The_impact_of_childhood_trauma_and_psychophysiological_reactivity_on_at-risk_women_s_adjustment_to_parenthood.pdf}, DOI = {10.1017/S0954579418001591}, author = {Oosterman, Mirjam and Schuengel, Carlo and Forrer, Mirte L. and de Moor, Marleen H.M.} } @Article { LevervanMilligenVSvRBP2019, title = {The impact of depression and anxiety treatment on biological aging and metabolic stress: study protocol of the MOod treatment with antidepressants or running (MOTAR) study}, journal = {BMC psychiatry}, year = {2019}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {Background: Depressive and anxiety disorders have shown to be associated to premature or advanced biological aging and consequently to adversely impact somatic health. Treatments with antidepressant medication or running therapy are both found to be effective for many but not all patients with mood and anxiety disorders. These interventions may, however, work through different pathophysiological mechanisms and could differ in their impact on biological aging and somatic health. This study protocol describes the design of an unique intervention study that examines whether both treatments are similarly effective in reducing or reversing biological aging (primary outcome), psychiatric status, metabolic stress and neurobiological indicators (secondary outcomes). Methods: The MOod Treatment with Antidepressants or Running (MOTAR) study will recruit a total of 160 patients with a current major depressive and/or anxiety disorder in a mental health care setting. Patients will receive a 16- week treatment with either antidepressant medication or running therapy (3 times/week). Patients will undergo the treatment of their preference and a subsample will be randomized (1:1) to overcome preference bias. An additional no-disease-no-treatment group of 60 healthy controls without lifetime psychopathology, will be included as comparison group for primary and secondary outcomes at baseline. Assessments are done at week 0 for patients and controls, and at week 16 and week 52 for patients only, including written questionnaires, a psychiatric and medical examination, blood, urine and saliva collection and a cycle ergometer test, to gather information about biological aging (telomere length and telomerase activity), mental health (depression and anxiety disorder characteristics), general fitness, metabolic stress-related biomarkers (inflammation, metabolic syndrome, cortisol) and genetic determinants. In addition, neurobiological alterations in brain processes will be assessed using structural and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in a subsample of at least 25 patients per treatment arm and in all controls. Discussion: This intervention study aims to provide a better understanding of the impact of antidepressant medication and running therapy on biological aging, metabolic stress and neurobiological indicators in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders in order to guide a more personalized medicine treatment. Trial registration: Trialregister.nl Number of identification: NTR3460, May 2012}, keywords = {Depression, Anxiety, Treatment, Antidepressant, SSRI, Running therapy, Aging, Telomere length, Telomerase activity, Inflammation, Metabolic syndrome, Cortisol, fMRI}, url = {/vuams-pubs/s12888-019-2404-0.pdf}, DOI = {10.1186/s12888-019-2404-0}, author = {Lever-van Milligen, B. A. and Verhoeven, J. E. and Schmaal, L. and van Velzen, L. S. and R{\'e}v{\'e}sz, D. and Black, C. N. and .... and Penninx, B. W.} } @Article { LipinskaT2019, title = {The interaction of REM fragmentation and night-time arousal modulates sleep-dependent emotional memory consolidation}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, year = {2019}, volume = {10}, pages = {1766}, abstract = {The sleep-to-forget, sleep-to-remember (SFSR) hypothesis states that the neurobiological environment provided by rapid-eye movement (REM)-rich sleep decouples the content of an emotional memory from its attendant emotional arousal. This decoupling allows divergent attenuation and enhancement effects (i.e., erosion of the memory’s emotional tone and simultaneous strengthening of its content). However, support for this proposal is mixed. An alternative account suggests there might be convergent attenuation and enhancement (i.e., elevated emotional arousal is positively coupled with enhanced emotional memory). We tested predictions emerging from the SFSR hypothesis using (a) individuals diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 21), (b) trauma-exposed non-PTSD individuals (n = 19), and (c) healthy controls (n = 20). We included PTSD-diagnosed individuals because they typically experience altered REM sleep, impaired emotional memory, and heightened emotional arousal in response to threatening stimuli. Participants were assessed before and after both an 8-h period of polysomnographically monitored sleep and an 8-h period of waking activity. The assessment included exposure to negatively valenced, positively valenced, and neutral pictures before the 8-h delay, and a recognition task afterward. We measured emotional arousal by recording psychophysiological responses to the pictures, both pre- and post-delay. Results indicated no significant between-group differences in emotional memory accuracy or arousal. However, after a sleep-filled delay, pictures of all categories were recognized with equal accuracy, whereas after a wakefilled delay, negative pictures were recognized preferentially. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that a sleep-filled delay was associated with attenuated emotional arousal to pictures of all categories, whereas a wake-filled delay was associated with a rise in emotional arousal across the day. Intriguingly, poorer recognition accuracy for valenced (but not neutral) pictures was predicted by an interaction of increased REM fragmentation and increased emotional arousal. In summary, we found some support for the SFSR hypothesis in the way it describes the REM- and arousal-based mechanisms that process emotional material. We also, however, found disconfirming evidence regarding the outcome of that process (i.e., sleep did not favor consolidation of emotional over neutral memory), and we demonstrated a convergence between attenuation of emotional arousal and weakening of emotional content relative to neutral content.}, keywords = {emotional memory, emotional arousal, sleep, REM sleep, sleep-to-remember, sleep-to-forget hypothesis, noradrenaline}, url = {/vuams-pubs/fpsyg-10-01766.pdf}, DOI = {10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01766}, author = {Lipinska, G. and Thomas, K. G.} } @Article { DonkervM2018, title = {Quantitative Exploration of Two Teachers with Contrasting Emotions: Intra-Individual Process Analyses of Physiology and Interpersonal Behavior}, journal = {Frontline Learning Research}, year = {2018}, month = {12}, day = {20}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, pages = {162- 185}, abstract = {Although the association between teacher-student relations, teacher emotions, and burnout has been proven on a general level, we do not know the exact processes underlying these associations. Recently there has been a call for intra-individual process measures that assess what happens from moment-to-moment in class in order to better understand inter-individual differences in emotions and burnout between teachers. This paper explored the use of process measures of teachers’ heart rate and their interpersonal behavior during teaching. Our aim was to illustrate different ways of analyzing and combining physiological and observational time-series data and to explore their potential for understanding between-teacher differences. In this illustration, we focused on two teachers who represented contrasting cases in terms of their self-reported teaching-related emotions (i.e., anxiety and relaxation) and burnout. We discuss both univariate process analyses (i.e., trend, autocorrelation, stability) as well as state-of-the-art multivariate process analyses (i.e., cross-correlations, dynamic structural equation modeling). Results illustrate how the two teachers differed in the nature of their physiological responses, their interpersonal behavior, and the association between these two process measures over time. Along implications and suggestions for further research, it is discussed how the process-based, dynamic assessment of physiology and interpersonal behavior may ultimately help to understand differences in more general teaching-related emotions and burnout.}, affiliation = {Department of Education, Utrecht University, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Teacher emotions; process analyses; physiology; heart rate; interpersonal teacher behavior}, url = {/vuams-pubs/A_Quantitative_Exploration_of_Two_Teachers_with_Contrasting_Emotions_Intra-Individual_Process_Analyses_of_Physiology_and_Interpersonal_Behavior.pdf}, ISSN = {2295-3159}, DOI = {10.14786/flr.v6i3.372}, author = {Donker, Monika H. and van Gog, Tamara and Mainhard, M. Tim} } @Article { BusscherSd2018, title = {Synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity during flight as an indicator of treatment outcome for aviophobia: A longitudinal study with 3-year follow-up}, journal = {Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry}, year = {2018}, month = {12}, day = {14}, abstract = {Background and objectives Emotion can be seen as the organizing process that coordinates response systems to deal effectively with challenges and opportunities. Synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity is regarded as an indication of this organizing process. Synchrony is expected to increase with the intensity of emotional stimuli. Conversely, adaptive emotional functioning could be indicated by progressive synchrony upon increasing demands, and the magnitude of synchrony could be an indication of progress during therapy. Methods We examined whether synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity over repeated exposures increased from watching a flight video through simulated flight to actual flight, and whether the magnitude of synchronous change predicted favourable short- and long-term treatment outcome within a group of 77 aviophobic participants during CBT. Results Results did not show a relationship between the intensity of the phobic stimuli and the magnitude of synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity. Moreover, synchronous change across both response systems did not predict treatment outcome. Limitations By design this study had no control group. Additional treatment or life events between end of treatment and 3-year follow-up were not assessed. Conclusion The results provide only weak support for the functionalistic view that successful treatment of anxiety disorders is indicated by synchronous change in reactivity across emotional response systems. The relationship between these systems is likely to be affected by many intervening variables including higher order cognitive processes.}, affiliation = {Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands}, keywords = {Anxiety, Fear of flying, Physiological reactivity, Emotion regulation, Exposure in vivo, Synchrony}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Could_Alcohol_Abuse_Drive_Intimate_Partner_Violence_Perpetrators_Psychophysiological_Response_to_Acute_Stress_.pdf}, state = {unpublished}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.12.004}, author = {Busscher, Bert and Spinhoven, Philip and de Geus, Eco J.C.} } @Article { VitoriaEstruchRLM2018, title = {Could Alcohol Abuse Drive Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators’ Psychophysiological Response to Acute Stress?}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, year = {2018}, month = {12}, day = {3}, volume = {15}, pages = {2729}, abstract = {Proactively aggressive individuals have been shown to present a different pattern of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation from that of individuals characterized by reactive violence. Although attempts have been made to classify intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators based on ANS reactivity to acute stress, subsequent studies have failed to replicate this classification. Notably, the proposed classification neglected the role of chronic alcohol abuse in ANS dysregulation and the fact that this dysregulation entails an abnormal stress response. The aim of the present study was to analyze the response profile (psychological state and ANS response) of groups of IPV perpetrators with high (n = 27) and low (n = 33)-risk alcohol use to an acute stressor, compared to controls (n = 35). All IPV perpetrators scored higher on executive dysfunctions and impulsivity and showed larger decreases in positive affect, less satisfaction, and a higher external locus of control after the stressor than controls. IPV perpetrators with low-risk alcohol use had higher skin conductance levels and breathing reactivity than controls, especially during preparatory, task, and recovery periods. This information could help to develop}, affiliation = {Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain}, keywords = {acute stress; cardiorespiratory variables; impulsivity; intimate partner violence; skin conductance; autonomic nervous system}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Could_Alcohol_Abuse_Drive_Intimate_Partner_Violence_Perpetrators_Psychophysiological_Response_to_Acute_Stress_.pdf}, DOI = {10.3390/ijerph15122729}, author = {Vitoria-Estruch, Sara and Romero-Mart{\'i}nez, {\'A}ngel and Lila, Marisol and Moya-Albiol, Luis} } @Article { deGeusGBJB2018, title = {Should heart rate variability be “corrected” for heart rate? Biological, quantitative, and interpretive considerations}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2018}, month = {8}, day = {14}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, pages = {e13287}, abstract = {Metrics of heart period variability are widely used in the behavioral and biomedical sciences, although somewhat confusingly labeled as heart rate variability (HRV). Despite their wide use, HRV metrics are usually analyzed and interpreted without reference to prevailing levels of cardiac chronotropic state (i.e., mean heart rate or mean heart period). This isolated treatment of HRV metrics is nontrivial. All HRV metrics routinely used in the literature exhibit a known and positive relationship with the mean duration of the interval between two beats (heart period): as the heart period increases, so does its variability. This raises the question of whether HRV metrics should be “corrected” for the mean heart period (or its inverse, the heart rate). Here, we outline biological, quantitative, and interpretive issues engendered by this question. We provide arguments that HRV is neither uniformly nor simply a surrogate for heart period. We also identify knowledge gaps that remain to be satisfactorily addressed with respect to assumptions underlying existing HRV correction approaches. In doing so, we aim to stimulate further progress toward the rigorous use and disciplined interpretation of HRV. We close with provisional guidance on HRV reporting that acknowledges}, affiliation = {Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {autonomic, behavioral medicine, heart rate, heart rate variability}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Should_heart_rate_variability_be_corrected_for_heart_rate_-_Biological__quantitative__and_interpretive_considerations.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/psyp.13287}, author = {de Geus, Eco. J.C. and Gianaros, Peter J. and Brindle, Ryan C. and Jennings, J. Richard and Berntson, Gary G.} } @Article { SchafleinSPS2018, title = {Disconnected – Impaired Interoceptive Accuracy and Its Association to Self-Perception and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Patients With Dissociative Disorder}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, year = {2018}, month = {6}, day = {27}, volume = {9}, abstract = {Patients suffering from dissociative disorders are characterized by an avoidance of aversive stimuli. This includes the avoidance of emotions and, in particular, bodily perceptions. In the present pilot study, we explored the potential interoceptive accuracy deficit of patients suffering from dissociative disorders in a heartbeat detection task. Moreover, we investigated the impact of facial mirror-confrontation on interoceptive accuracy and the potential association between cardiac vagal tone derived from heart rate variability and interoceptive accuracy. Eighteen patients suffering from dissociative disorders and 18 healthy controls were assessed with the Mental Tracking Paradigm by Schandry for heartbeat detection at baseline and after confrontations exposing them to their own faces in a mirror (2 min each, accompanied by a negative or positive cognition). During the experiment, cardiac vagal tone was assessed. We used Pearson correlations to calculate potential associations between cardiac vagal tone and interoceptive accuracy. Patients performed significantly worse than the healthy controls in the heartbeat detection task at baseline. They displayed no significant increase in interoceptive accuracy following facial mirror-confrontation. In the patient group, higher cardiac vagal tone was associated with a more precise heartbeat detection performance. Dissociative disorder patients showed a considerable deficit in interoceptive accuracy. Our results fit with the assumption that highly dissociative patients tend to tune out the perceiving of bodily signals. To the extent that bodily signal perception may play a causal role in these disorders, therapeutic approaches enhancing interoceptive accuracy and cardiac vagal tone may be considered important and practicable steps to improve the therapy outcome of this patient group.}, keywords = {cardiac vagal tone, dissociation, facial mirror-confrontation, heartbeat detection, interoception, root mean square of successive differences, self-perception}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Disconnected-impaired_interoceptive_accuracy.pdf}, DOI = {10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00897}, author = {Sch{\"a}flein, Eva and Sattel, Heribert C. and Pollatos, Olga and Sack, Martin} } @Article { SchafleinSSS2018, title = {The enemy in the mirror: self-perception-induced stress results in dissociation of psychological and physiological responses in patients with dissociative disorder}, journal = {European Journal of Psychotraumatology}, year = {2018}, month = {6}, day = {18}, volume = {9}, number = {sup3}, pages = {1472991}, abstract = {Background: Patients suffering from dissociative disorders (DD) are characterized by an avoidance of aversive stimuli. Clinical experience has shown that DD patients typically avoid the confrontation with their own faces in a mirror (CFM). Objective: To investigate potential CFM-associated self-reported and psychophysiological stress reactions of DD patients, which most likely inform on the still unknown pathophysiology of dysfunctional self-perception in DD. Method: Eighteen DD patients and 18 healthy controls (HCs) underwent CFM. They were assessed for CFM-induced subjective self-reported stress, acute dissociative symptoms and sympathetic and parasympathetic drive using impedance cardiography. Results: DD patients experienced more subjective stress and acute dissociation than HCs upon CFM. Their psychological stress response did not activate the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Conclusions: In DD patients, CFM constitutes serious self-reported stress and is associated with a blunted autonomic reactivity. Therapeutic approaches promoting self-perception and self-compassion, in particular by using CFM, might serve as goal-oriented diagnostic and therapeutic tools in DD.}, affiliation = {Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany}, keywords = {Autonomic nervous system; avoidance; dissociative disorder; face in the mirror; impedance cardiography; mirror-confrontation; parasympathetic; posttraumatic stress disorder; self-perception; sympathetic}, url = {/vuams-pubs/The_enemy_in_the_mirror_self_perception_induced_stress_results_in_dissociation_of_psychological_and_physiological_responses_in_patients_with.pdf}, language = {English}, ISSN = {2000-8198}, DOI = {10.1080/20008198.2018.1472991}, author = {Sch{\"a}flein, Eva and Sattel, Heribert and Schmidt, Ulrike and Sack, Martin} } @Article { HuLPd2018, title = {Association Between Depression, Anxiety, and Antidepressant Use With T-Wave Amplitude and QT-Interval}, journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience}, year = {2018}, month = {6}, day = {5}, volume = {12}, abstract = {Objectives: Cardiac repolarization may be affected by psychiatric disorders and/or antidepressant use, but evidence for this is inconclusive. This study examined the relationship between depressive and anxiety disorder and use of antidepressants with T-wave amplitude (TWA) and QT-interval. Methods: Data was obtained from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (n = 1,383). Depression/anxiety was diagnosed with the DSM-IV based Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The use of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) was established. T-wave amplitude and QT-interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) were obtained from an ECG measured in a type II axis configuration. Results: Compared to controls, persons with depression or anxiety disorders did not show a significantly different TWA (p = 0.58; Cohen’s d = 0.046) or QTc (p = 0.48; Cohen’s d = ?0.057). In spite of known sympathomimetic effects, TCA use (p = 0.26; Cohen’s d =?0.162) and SNRI use (p=0.70; Cohen’s d =?0.055) were not significantly associated with a lower TWA. TCA use (p = 0.12; Cohen’s d = 0.225) and SNRI use (p = 0.11; Cohen’s d = 0.227) were also not significantly associated with a prolonged QTc. Conclusion: We did not find evidence that either depressive/anxiety disorder or antidepressant use is associated with abnormalities in TWA or QTc. Earlier found sympathomimetic effects of TCAs and SNRIs are not evident in these measures of cardiac repolarization.}, keywords = {autonomic nervous system, cardiac repolarization, depression, anxiety, antidepressant}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Association_between_depression__anxiety__and_antidepressant_use_with_t-wave_amplitude_and_QT-interval.pdf}, DOI = {10.3389/fnins.2018.00375}, author = {Hu, Mandy X. and Lamers, Femke and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. and de Geus, Eco J.C.} } @Article { HuLNWdP2018, title = {Bidirectional prospective associations between cardiac autonomic activity and inflammatory marker}, journal = {Psychosomatic Medicine}, year = {2018}, month = {6}, volume = {80}, pages = {475-482}, abstract = {Objective: Autonomic nervous system(ANS) imbalance has been cross-sectionally associated with inflammatory processes. Longitudinal studies are needed to shed light on the nature of this relationship. We examined cross-sectional and bidirectional prospective associations between cardiac autonomic measures and inflammatory markers. Methods: Analyses were conducted with baseline (n = 2823), 2-year (n = 2099), and 6-year (n = 1774) data fromthe Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. To compare the pattern of results, prospective analyses with ANS (during sleep, leisure time, and work) and inflammation were conducted in two data sets from the Netherlands Twin Register measured for 4.9 years (n = 356) and 5.4 years (n = 472). Autonomic nervous systemmeasures were heart rate (HR) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Inflammatory markers were C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6. Results: The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety results showed that higher HR and lower RSAwere cross-sectionally significantly associated with higher inflammatory levels. Higher HR predicted higher levels of CRP (B = .065, p < .001) and IL-6 (B = .036, p = .014) at follow-up. Higher CRP levels predicted lower RSA (B = ?.024, p = .048) at follow-up. The Netherlands Twin Register results confirmed that higher HR was associated with higher CRP and IL-6 levels 4.9 years later. Higher IL-6 levels predicted higher HR and lower RSA at follow-up. Conclusions: Autonomic imbalance is associated with higher levels of inflammation. Independent data from two studies converge in evidence that higher HR predicts subsequent higher levels of CRP and IL-6. Inflammatory markers may also predict future ANS activity, but evidence for this was less consistent.}, keywords = {autonomic nervous system, inflammation, longitudinal, vagal activity.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Bidirectional_Prospective_Associations_between_cardiac_autonomic_activity_and_inflammatory_markers.pdf}, DOI = {10.1097/PSY.0000000000000589}, author = {Hu, Mandy X. and Lamers, Femke and Neijts, Melanie and Willemsen, Gonneke and de Geus, Eco J.C. and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H.} } @Article { SmariusvSDGVd2018, title = {Effect of excessive infant crying on resting BP, HRV and cardiac autonomic control in childhood}, journal = {Plos One}, year = {2018}, month = {5}, day = {31}, abstract = {Objective: Early life stress has been shown to influence the developing autonomic nervous system. Stressors in infancy may program the autonomic nervous system resting state set point, affecting cardiovascular function in later life. Excessive crying may be an indicator of increased stress arousal in infancy. We hypothesized that excessive infant crying is related to altered cardiac autonomic nervous system activity and increased blood pressure at age 5±6 years. Methods: In the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study, excessive crying, maternal burden of infant care and maternal aggressive behavior in the 13th week after birth (range 11±16 weeks) were reported using questionnaires. Blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability and indicators of cardiac autonomic nervous system activity (sympathetic drive by pre-ejection period, parasympathetic drive by respiratory sinus arrhythmia) were measured at age 5±6 years during rest. Inclusion criteria were singleton birth, term-born, and no reported congenital or cardiovascular problems (N = 2153 included). Results: Excessive crying (2.8\%) was not associated with resting heart rate, heart rate variability, pre-ejection period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia nor with blood pressure at age 5±6 years. Conclusions: Excessive infant crying as an indicator of increased stress arousal does not seem to be related to resting activity of the autonomic nervous system or blood pressure at age 5±6. Potential associations may become visible under stressed conditions.}, keywords = {Excessive crying, blood pressure, heart rate and autonomic control}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Effect_of_excessive_infant_crying_on_resting_BP__HRV_and_cardiac_autonomic_control_in_childhood.pdf}, DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0197508}, author = {Smarius, Laetitia J.C.A. and van Eijsden, Manon and Strieder, Thea G.A. and Doreleijers, Theo A.H. and Gemke, Reinoud J.B.J. and Vrijkotte, Tanja G.M. and de Rooij, Susanne R.} } @Article { BeijersWBLvdPA2018, title = {Biomarker-based subtyping of depression and anxiety disorders using Latent Class Analysis. A NESDA study}, journal = {Psychological Medicine}, year = {2018}, month = {4}, day = {19}, volume = {49}, pages = {617-627}, abstract = {Background. Etiological research of depression and anxiety disorders has been hampered by diagnostic heterogeneity. In order to address this, researchers have tried to identify more homogeneous patient subgroups. This work has predominantly focused on explaining interpersonal heterogeneity based on clinical features (i.e. symptom profiles). However, to explain interpersonal variations in underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, it might be more effective to take biological heterogeneity as the point of departure when trying to identify subgroups. Therefore, this study aimed to identify data-driven subgroups of patients based on biomarker profiles. Methods. Data of patients with a current depressive and/or anxiety disorder came from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, a large, multi-site naturalistic cohort study (n = 1460). Thirty-six biomarkers (e.g. leptin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tryptophan) were measured, as well as sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Latent class analysis of the discretized (lower 10\%, middle, upper 10\%) biomarkers were used to identify different patient clusters. Results. The analyses resulted in three classes, which were primarily characterized by different levels of metabolic health: ‘lean’ (21.6\%), ‘average’ (62.2\%) and ‘overweight’ (16.2\%). Inspection of the classes’ clinical features showed the highest levels of psychopathology, severity and medication use in the overweight class. Conclusions. The identified classes were strongly tied to general (metabolic) health, and did not reflect any natural cutoffs along the lines of the traditional diagnostic classifications. Our analyses suggested that especially poor metabolic health could be seen as a distal marker for depression and anxiety, suggesting a relationship between the ‘overweight’ subtype and internalizing psychopathology.}, affiliation = {Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Groningen, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Anxiety; biomarkers; depression; latent class analysis; subtyping}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Biomarker-based_subtyping_of_depression_and_anxiety_disorders_using_Latent_Class_Analysis._A_NESDA_study.pdf}, DOI = {10.1017/ S0033291718001307}, author = {Beijers, Lian and Wardenaar, Klaas J. and Bosker, Fokko J. and Lamers, Femke and van Grootheest, Gerard and de Boer, Marrit K. and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. and A. Schoevers, Robert} } @Article { NowakowskiMvHT2018, title = {Sleep characteristics and inflammatory biomarkers among midlife women}, journal = {Sleep Research Society}, year = {2018}, month = {3}, day = {30}, volume = {41}, number = {5}, pages = {zsy049}, abstract = {Study Objectives: Research suggests that sleep disturbances are associated with elevated levels of inflammation. Some evidence indicates that women may be particularly vulnerable; increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers with sleep disturbances are primarily observed among women. Midlife, which encompasses the menopause transition, is typically reported as a time of poor sleep. We tested whether poorer objectively measured sleep characteristics were related to a poorer inflammatory profile in midlife women. Methods: Two hundred ninety-five peri- and postmenopausal women aged 40–60 completed 3 days of wrist actigraphy, physiologic hot flash monitoring, questionnaires (e.g. Berlin sleep apnea risk questionnaire], and a blood draw for the assessment of inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen. Associations of objective (actigraphy) sleep with inflammatory markers were tested in regression models. Sleep efficiency was inverse log transformed. Covariates included age, race/ ethnicity, education, body mass index, sleep apnea risk, homeostatic model assessment (a measure of insulin resistance), systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and physical activity. Results: In separate models controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and education, lower sleep efficiency was associated with higher IL-6 [b(SE) = .02 (.10), p = .003] and VWF [b(SE) = .02 (.08), p = .002]. More minutes awake after sleep onset was associated with higher VWF [b(SE) = .12 (.06), p = .01]. Findings persisted in multivariable models. Conclusions: Lower sleep efficiency and more minutes awake after sleep onset were independently associated with higher circulating levels of VWF. Lower sleep efficiency was associated with higher circulating levels of IL-6. These findings suggest that sleep disturbances are associated with greater circulating inflammation in midlife women.}, affiliation = {Department of Obstetrics \& Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX}, keywords = {menopause; sleep; actigraphy; inflammation}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Sleep_characteristics_and_inflammatory_biomarkers_among_midlife_women.pdf}, DOI = {10.1093/sleep/zsy049}, author = {Nowakowski, Sara and Matthews, Karen A. and von K{\"a}nel, Roland and Hall, Martica H. and Thurston, Rebecca C.} } @Article { TrotmanWQV2018, title = {Challenge and threat states: examining cardiovascular, cognitive and affective responses to two distinct laboratory stress tasks}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2018}, volume = {126}, pages = {42-51}, abstract = {Background: The theory of challenge and threat states in athletes (TCTSA) proposes psychological antecedents will predict psychological and cardiovascular responses to stress. The present study investigated this theory in two contextually different stress tasks. Method: 78 males completed a computerised competition and a public speaking task. Cardiovascular activity was measured with impedance cardiography and a blood pressure monitor. Challenge and threat antecedents, indicators of challenge and threat and emotions were assessed pre- and post-tasks. Results: Both tasks induced significant perturbations in cardiovascular activity and were perceived as highly challenging. Reported perceived threat was higher in the public speaking task compared to the competition task. Associations between the proposed antecedents, self-report and cardiovascular indices of challenge and threat and emotions support the TCTSA for the competition task, but less so for the public speaking task. Conclusion: The TCTSA is supported during competitive stress, however during social stress there is dissociation between self-report appraisals and cardiovascular reactivity.}, keywords = {Cardiovascular reactivity, Challenge and threat, TCTSA Biopsychosocial, Cognitive appraisals, Psychological stress}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Challenge_and_threat_states_Trotman_et_al._2018.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.004}, author = {Trotman, Gavin P. and Williams, Sarah E. and Quinton, Mary L. and Veldhuijzen van Zanten, Jet J.C.S.} } @Article { SuurlandvHvS2018, title = {Infant Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Activity during Baseline, Stress and Recovery: Interactions with Prenatal Adversity Predict Physical Aggression in Toddlerhood}, journal = {J Abnorm Child Psychol}, year = {2018}, volume = {46}, pages = {755-768}, abstract = {Exposure to prenatal adversity is associated with aggression later in life. Individual differences in autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning, specifically nonreciprocal activation of the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems, increase susceptibility to aggression, especially in the context of adversity. Previous work examining interactions between early adversity and ANS functioning in infancy is scarce and has not examined interaction between PNS and SNS. This study examined whether the PNS and SNS moderate the relation between cumulative prenatal risk and early physical aggression in 124 children (57\% male). Cumulative risk (e.g., maternal psychiatric disorder, substance (ab)use, and social adversity) was assessed during pregnancy. Parasympathetic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and sympathetic pre-ejection period (PEP) at baseline, in response to and during recovery from emotional challenge were measured at 6 months. Physical aggression and non-physical aggression/ oppositional behavior were measured at 30 months. The results showed that cumulative prenatal risk predicted elevated physical aggression and non-physical aggression/oppositional behavior in toddlerhood; however, the effects on physical aggression were moderated by PNS and SNS functioning. Specifically, the effects of cumulative risk on physical aggression were particularly evident in children characterized by low baseline PNS activity and/or by nonreciprocal activity of the PNS and SNS, characterized by decreased activity (i.e., coinhibition) or increased activity (i.e., coactivation) of both systems at baseline and/or in response to emotional challenge. These findings extend our understanding of the interaction between perinatal risk}, affiliation = {Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Room 4A03, Box 9555, 2300, RB Leiden, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Aggression, Stress reactivity, Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, Pre-ejection period, Prenatal risk, Infancy}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Infant_Parasympathetic_and_Sympathetic_Activity_during_baseline__stress_and_recovery.pdf}, DOI = {10.1007/s10802-017-0337-y}, author = {Suurland, J. and van der Heijden, K.B. and Huijbregts, S.C.J. and van Goozen, S.H.M. and Swaab, H.} } @Article { SmariusSDVd2018, title = {Maternal verbally aggressive behavior in early infancy is associated with blood pressure at age 5–6}, journal = {Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease}, year = {2018}, pages = {1-7}, abstract = {Early life stress has been shown to contribute to alterations in biobehavioral regulation. Whereas many different forms of childhood adversities have been studied in relation to cardiovascular outcomes, very little is known about potential associations between caregivers’ verbally aggressive behavior and heart rate and blood pressure in the child. This prospective study examined whether maternal verbally aggressive behavior in early infancy is associated with heart rate or blood pressure at age 5–6. In the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study, a large prospective, population-based birth cohort, maternal verbally aggressive behavior was assessed by questionnaire in the 13th week after birth. The child’s blood pressure and heart rate were measured during rest at age 5–6 (n=2553 included). Maternal verbally aggressive behavior in infancy was associated with a higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) both in supine and sitting position after adjustment for sex, height and age (SBP supine B=1.01 mmHg; 95\% CI [0.06; 1.95] and SPB sitting B=1.29 mmHg; 95\% CI [0.12; 2.46]). Adjustment for potential confounding variables, such as other mother–infant dyad aspects, family hypertension and child’s BMI, only slightly attenuated the associations (SBP supine B=0.99 mmHg; 95\% CI [0.06; 1.93] and SPB sitting B=1.11 mmHg; 95\% CI [ ? 0.06; 2.27]). Maternal verbally aggressive behavior was not associated with diastolic blood pressure or heart rate at age 5–6. Maternal verbally aggressive behavior might be an important early life stressor with negative impact on blood pressure later in life, which should be further investigated. Possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.}, keywords = {blood pressure; early life stress; infancy; maternal verbal aggressive behavior; verbal abuse}, url = {/vuams-pubs/maternal_verbally_aggressive_behavior_in_early_infancy_Smarius_et_al.2018.pdf}, DOI = {10.1017/S2040174418000041}, author = {Smarius, L. J. C. A. and Strieder, T. G. A. and Doreleijers, T. A. H. and Vrijkotte, T. G. M. and de Rooij, S. R.} } @Article { MeijersHMCS2018, title = {Reduced Self-Control after 3 Months of Imprisonment; A Pilot Study}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Background: Prison can be characterized as an mpoverished environment encouraging a sedentary lifestyle with limited autonomy and social interaction, which may negatively affect self-control and executive function. Here, we aim to study the effects of imprisonment on self-control and executive functions, and we report the change in neuropsychological outcome after 3 months of imprisonment. Materials and Methods: Participants were 37 male inmates in a remand prison in Amsterdam, Netherlands, who completed six tests of a computerized neuropsychological test battery (the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery) in the first week of arrival. Participants were retested after 3 months of imprisonment. Change in performance was tested using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Results: After 3 months of imprisonment, risk taking significantly increased (measured as an increase in the proportion of available points used for betting) and attention significantly deteriorated (measured as increased variability in reaction times on a sustained attention task), with large to medium effect sizes. In contrast, planning significantly improved (measured with a task analog to the Tower of London) with a medium effect size. Discussion: Our study suggests that 3 months of imprisonment in an impoverished environment may lead to reduced self-control, measured as increased risk taking and reduced attentional performance. This is a significant and societally relevant finding, as released prisoners may be less capable of living a lawful life than they were prior to their imprisonment, and may be more prone to impulsive risk-taking behavior. In other words, the impoverished environment may contribute to an enhanced risk of reoffending.}, keywords = {prison, executive functions, impoverished environment, self-control, impulsivity, offenders, CANTAB}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Reduced_self_control_Meijers_et_al._2018.pdf}, DOI = {10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00069}, author = {Meijers, Jesse and Harte, Joke M. and Meynen, Gerben and Cuijpers, Pim and Scherder, Erik J. A.} } @Article { NederenddKWBt2018, title = {Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Cardiac Function in Children after Coarctation Repair}, journal = {The Annals of Thoracic Surgery}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Background. Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. Due to improved surgical techniques, most patients live into adulthood. However, late complications including hypertension, recoarctation and arrhythmias are common. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) might play a role in the pathology. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac ANS activity and cardiac function in children after CoA repair and investigate the relationship between the two. Methods. 31 children after CoA repair and 62 healthy controls aged between 8 and 18 years old participated in the study. By the use of ambulatory impedance cardiography, cardiac ANS activity and cardiac output were measured for 24h. Cardiac function was measured by the use of transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Results. No group differences were found in ambulatory cardiac ANS. However ambulatory cardiac output and left ventricular function were significantly decreased in patients compared to controls. Conclusions. Left ventricular function and ambulatory cardiac output are impaired in patients after CoA repair, despite unchanged cardiac ANS activity in this group. These results underscore the importance of clinical follow up, even in patients without residual stenosis.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/ANS_children_coarctic_repair_Nederend_et_al.2018.pdf}, state = {accepted}, DOI = {10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.01.084}, author = {Nederend, Ineke and de Geus, Eco J.C. and Kroft, Lucia J.M. and Westenberg, Jos J.M. and Blom, Nico A. and ten Harkel, Arend D.J.} } @Article { OldenhofPAe2018, title = {Baseline autonomic nervous system activity in female children and adolescents with conduct disorder: Psychophysiological findings from the FemNAT-CD study}, journal = {Journal of Criminal Justice}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Purpose: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning has been widely studied in relation to antisocial behavior, such as Conduct Disorder (CD). However, research in females is scarce and findings are inconsistent. This study investigated baseline ANS activity in CD children and adolescents and tested for sex differences. Furthermore, subgroups of CD were investigated: +/? Limited Prosocial Emotions (LPE), +/? comorbid internalizing disorders (INT). Methods: Baseline ANS activity was measured by Heart Rate (HR), Heart Rate Variability (HRV; parasympathetic activity), Pre-Ejection Period (PEP; sympathetic activity), and Respiration Rate (RR). 659 females (296 CD, 363 controls) and 351 males (187 CD, 164 controls), aged 9–18 years participated. Results: Baseline HR, HRV and PEP did not differ between CD subjects and controls in both sexes. RR was higher in CD participants than controls amongst females, but not males. LPE was unrelated to ANS activity, whereas females with CD+INT presented lower HRV. Conclusions: These results suggest that baseline ANS activity is not a robust indicator for CD. However, deviant ANS activity – especially parasympathetic activity - was observed in CD females with internalizing comorbidity.}, keywords = {Conduct disorder, Psychophysiology, Autonomic nervous system, Sex differences, Emotion regulation}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Baseline_autonomic_nervous_system_activity_in_female_children_andadolescents_with_conduct_disorder_Psychophysiological_findings_from_theFemNATCD_study.pdf}, state = {unpublished}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.05.011}, author = {Oldenhof, Helena and Pr{\"a}tzlich, Martin and Ackermann, Katharina and et al.} } @Article { PratzlichOS2018, title = {Resting autonomic nervous system activity is unrelated to antisocial behaviour dimensions in adolescents: Cross-sectional findings from a European multi-centre study}, journal = {Journal of Criminal Justice}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Purpose: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning has long been studied in relation to antisocial behaviour, but relevant measures (heart rate, heart rate variability, pre-ejection period, respiration rate) have rarely been considered together. This study investigated the relationship between these measures and antisocial behaviour. Methods: Using a sample of 1010 youths with (47.8\%) and without conduct disorder (52.2\%) aged between 9 and 18 years (659 females, 351 males, mean age =14.2 years, SD =2.4), principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to various measures of psychopathology and antisocial behavior. Structural equation modelling was performed in order to test whether the ANS measures predicted PCA-dimensions. Cluster analysis was used in order to classify patterns of ANS activity. Analyses were performed separately for males/females and controlled for body-mass-index, age, caffeine use, cigarette smoking, sports, socioeconomic status, medication, cardiac problems. Results: The PCA yielded three components: antisocial behaviour/comorbid psychopathology, narcissistic traits, and callous-unemotional traits. ANS measures were only weakly correlated with these components. Cluster analysis yielded high and low arousal clusters in both sexes. When controlling for covariates, all associations disappeared.}, keywords = {Autonomic nervous system, Antisocial behaviour, Callous-unemotional traits, Smoking, Cluster analysis, Sex}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Resting_ANS_antisocial_behavior_Pratzlich_et_al.2018.pdf}, state = {unpublished}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.01.004}, author = {Pr{\"a}tzlich, Martin and Oldenhof, Helena and Steppan et al., Martin} } @Article { NelsonBe2017, title = {Adolescent Sympathetic Activity and Salivary C-Reactive Protein:The Effects of Parental Behavior}, journal = {Health Psychology}, year = {2017}, month = {7}, day = {18}, abstract = {Objective: This study utilized a novel multisystem approach to investigate the effect of observed parental behavior on the relationship between biological mechanisms associated with disease processes (i.e., autonomic physiology and immune response) among their adolescent children. Method: Thirty-three adolescents (23 males), aged 11–13, and their parents participated in a laboratory session in which adolescents provided baseline measures of autonomic (sympathetic) activity, and adolescents and 1 parent participated in a laboratory based dyadic conflict resolution interaction task. This included 3 male parent/male adolescent dyads, 20 female parent/male adolescent dyads, 3 male parent/female adolescent dyads, and 7 female parent/female adolescent dyads. Approximately 3 years later, adolescents provided a salivary measure of C-Reactive Protein (sCRP) to index inflammation. Results: Analyses revealed a positive association between sympathetic activity and sCRP, as well as a moderating role of positive parental behavior in this relationship, such that the association between sympathetic activity and sCRP was greater among adolescents whose parents displayed shorter duration of positive affect. Conclusions: Overall findings indicate parental behavior may influence the association between adolescent sympathetic activity and inflammatory processes. These findings have important implications for understanding the impact of psychosocial factors on biological mechanisms of disease.}, keywords = {adolescence, C-reactive protein, parental behavior, pre-ejection period}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Nelsonetal.2017-AdolescentSNS_C-ReactiveProtein_Nelson_et_al.2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1037/hea0000516}, author = {Nelson, Benjamin W. and Byrne, Michelle L. and et al.} } @Article { VogelBVBBKP2017, title = {Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and stress-related biomarkers}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2017}, volume = {79}, pages = {31-39}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined whether (a) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms were associated with dysregulation of stress-related mechanisms, and (b) whether ADHD symptoms interact with affective disorders in their association with dysregulated stress-related mechanisms. METHODS: Data were obtained from 2307 subjects participating in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Stress-related mechanisms were reflected by the following biomarkers: (1) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis indicators (salivary cortisol awakening curve, evening cortisol, cortisol suppression after a 0.5mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST)); (2) autonomic nervous system measures (heart rate, pre-ejection period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia); (3) inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha); (4) brain-derived neurotrophic factor. ADHD symptoms were measured using Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale and used both dichotomous (High ADHD symptoms (yes/no)) and continuous (Inattentive symptoms, Hyperactive/Impulsive symptoms, and the ADHD index). RESULTS: Regression analyses showed associations between High ADHD symptoms, Inattentive symptoms, the ADHD index and a higher cortisol awakening curve, between Hyperactive/Impulsive symptoms and less cortisol suppression after DST, and between Inattentive symptoms and a longer pre-ejection period. However, the associations with the cortisol awakening curve disappeared after adjustment for depressive and anxiety disorders. No associations were observed between ADHD symptoms and inflammatory markers or BDNF. ADHD symptoms did not interact with affective disorders in dysregulation of stress-related mechanisms. CONCLUSION: Some associations were observed between ADHD symptoms, the HPA-axis, and the pre-ejection period, but these were mostly driven by depressive and anxiety disorders. This study found no evidence that ADHD symptomatology was associated with dysregulations in inflammatory markers and BDNF. Consequently, ADHD symptoms did not confer an added risk to the disturbances of stress-related mechanisms in an - already at-risk - population with affective disorders.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Vogel_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.02.009}, author = {Vogel, S.W.N. and Bijlenga, D. and Verduijn, J. and Bron, T.I. and Beekman, A.T.F. and Kooij, J.J.S. and Penninx, B.W.J.H.} } @Article { VerasteguiTenaSvP2017, title = {Beyond expectations: The responses of the autonomic nervous system to visual food cues}, journal = {Physiology \& Behavior}, year = {2017}, volume = {179}, pages = {478-486}, abstract = {Self-report measures rely on cognitive and rational processes and may not, therefore, be the most suitable tools to investigate implicit or unconscious factors within a sensory experience. The responses from the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which are not susceptible to bias due to their involuntary nature, may provide a better insight. Expectations are important for the consumer-product interaction and should be considered. However, research using ANS responses has not focused thoroughly on expectations. Our aim was to investigate the mechanisms underlying ANS responses by evaluating the reactions to different images when expectations about a product are created (before tasting the product) and when they are confirmed and disconfirmed (after tasting the product). In a first study, seventy-five participants tasted four drinks (three identical soy-based drinks and one ricebased drink) and were told that they would be shown their main ingredient either before or after tasting. For the three identical drinks, the images shown were: worms, chocolate, and soy. Heart rate and skin conductance were measured during the procedure. The results showed that ANS responses followed similar patterns when images were presented before or after tasting. Heart rate decreased for all images, with the largest decrease found for chocolate and worms. Skin conductance increased, with the largest increase found for worms. To test whether the effects were solely caused by image perception, a second study was done in which forty participants only saw the images. The responses obtained were smaller and did not completely match those of the first study. In conclusion, it could be said that the ANS responses of the first study were a result of the sensory processing and defense mechanisms happening during the creation and (dis)confirmation of expectations. The second study confirmed that visual perception alone could not account for these effects and that it led to smaller changes. Hence, it seems that the context of use influences the patterns and magnitude of ANS responses to food cues.}, keywords = {ANS, Expectations, Heart rate, Skin conductance, Image perception, Tasting}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Verastegui-Tena_Physiology___Behavior_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.07.025}, author = {Verastegui-Tena, Luz and Schulte-Holierhoek, Aurelia and van der Trijp, Hans and Piqueras-Fiszman, Betina} } @Article { ThurstonCBvJSLM2017, title = {Child Abuse and Neglect and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease Among Midlife Women}, journal = {Psychosomatic Medicine}, year = {2017}, volume = {79}, number = {4}, pages = {441-449}, abstract = {Objective: A childhood history of abuse or neglect may be associated with elevated adult cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. No studies have examined associations between child abuse/neglect and subclinical CVD using a validated measure of abuse and neglect.We hypothesized that midlife women with a history of childhood abuse or neglect would have increased subclinical CVD beyond standard CVD risk factors. We tested moderation of associations by sleep, hot flashes, and race/ ethnicity. Methods: Two hundred ninety-five midlife women completed the Child Trauma Questionnaire, physiologic hot flash and actigraphic sleep monitoring, blood draw, and carotid ultrasound (intima media thickness [IMT]; plaque). Relations between abuse/neglect and outcomes were tested in linear regression models adjusting for demographic, psychosocial, and CVD risk factors. Interactions with sleep, hot flashes, and race/ethnicity were tested. Results: Forty-five percent of women reported a history of child abuse or neglect. Women with any child abuse or neglect had higher IMT [b(SE) = .039 (.011), p = .001] and carotid plaque [odds ratio (95\% [CI] = 1.95 [1.15–3.33]); p = .014] than nonabused/neglected women. Furthermore, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and emotional neglect were associated with higher subclinical CVD. Sexual abuse was associated with higher IMT among nonwhite women. Interactions with sleep time and sleep hot flashes (p values < .05) indicated that higher subclinical CVD with an abuse/neglect history was observed primarily among women sleeping less than 6 hours/night or with sleep hot flashes. Conclusions: A history of child abuse or neglect is associated with higher subclinical CVD in women, particularly when paired with short sleep or hot flashes. Findings underscore the importance of childhood adversity in midlife women's CVD risk.}, keywords = {atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, abuse, violence, sex, women.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Thurston_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1097/PSY.0000000000000400}, author = {Thurston, Rebecca and Chang, Yuefang and Barinas-Mitchell, Emma and von K{\"a}nel, Roland and Jennings,, Richard and Santoro, Nanette and Landsittel, Doug and Matthews, Karen} } @Article { MeijersHMC2017, title = {Differences in executive functioning between violent and non-violent offenders}, journal = {Psychological Medicine}, year = {2017}, volume = {47}, pages = {1784-1793}, abstract = {Background. A growing body of neuropsychological and neurobiological research shows a relationship between functioning of the prefrontal cortex and criminal and violent behaviour. The prefrontal cortex is crucial for executive functions such as inhibition, attention, working memory, set-shifting and planning. A deficit in these functions – a prefrontal deficit – may result in antisocial, impulsive or even aggressive behaviour. While several meta-analyses show large effect sizes for the relationship between a prefrontal deficit, executive dysfunction and criminality, there are few studies investigating differences in executive functions between violent and non-violent offenders. Considering the relevance of identifying risk factors for violent offending, the current study explores whether a distinction between violent and non-violent offenders can be made using an extensive neuropsychological test battery. Method. Male remand prisoners (N = 130) in Penitentiary Institution Amsterdam Over-Amstel were administered an extensive neuropsychological test battery (Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery; CANTAB) measuring response inhibition, planning, attention, set-shifting, working memory and impulsivity/reward sensitivity. Results. Violent offenders performed significantly worse on the stop-signal task (partial correlation r = 0.205, p = 0.024), a task measuring response inhibition. No further differences were found between violent and non-violent offenders. Explorative analyses revealed a significant relationship between recidivism and planning (partial correlation r =?0.209, p = 0.016). Conclusion. Violent offenders show worse response inhibition compared to non-violent offenders, suggesting a more pronounced prefrontal deficit in violent offenders than in non-violent offenders.}, keywords = {CANTAB, executive function, inhibition, neuropsychology, offenders, prison}, url = {/vuams-pubs/differences_executive_functioning_offenders_Meijers_et_al.2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1017/S0033291717000241}, author = {Meijers, J. and Harte, J.M. and Meynen, G. and Cuijpers, P.} } @Article { VerasteguiTenavP2017, title = {Heart rate and skin conductance responses to taste, taste novelty, and the (dis)confirmation of expectations}, journal = {Food Quality and Preference}, year = {2017}, volume = {65}, pages = {1-9}, abstract = {It is unclear whether the responses of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can measure how people respond to food. Results focused on emotional responses are contradictory; therefore, the focus has shifted to other components of emotion, such as appraisals. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the differences in ANS responses related to appraisals; particularly taste novelty, valence, and the disconfirmation of expectations. A hundred and fifty-five participants joined this study. They tasted samples of different valence (sweet and bitter) twice: the first time without knowing the taste and the second while being informed of the taste. After this first block, participants tasted two additional samples: one that confirmed expectations and one that disconfirmed them. Heart rate and skin conductance were measured. Results show that the second experience with a taste led to cardiac deceleration. Heart rate changes were only related to valence when participants’ expectations were (dis)confirmed. Heart rate decreased for those tastes that disconfirmed expectations and increased for those that confirmed them and the sweet sample had larger increases in heart rate than the bitter. Skin conductance changed in regards to novelty and valence but not to the disconfirmation of expectations. It increased for the bitter sample, decreased for the sweet, and was always higher during the first experience than during the second. In conclusion, the results suggest that cardiac responses are more sensitive to novelty and the disconfirmation of expectations while skin conductance responses capture novelty and valence.}, keywords = {Autonomic nervous system, Heart rate, Skin conductance, Taste, Novelty,Expectations}, url = {/vuams-pubs/HR_SCL_taste_Verastegui-Tena_et_al.2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.12.012}, author = {Verastegui-Tena, Luz and van Trijp, Hans and Piqueras-Fiszman, Betina} } @Article { NederendtBBd2017, title = {Impedance cardiography in healthy children and children with congenital heart disease: Improving stroke volume assessment}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2017}, volume = {120}, pages = {136-147}, abstract = {Introduction: Stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output are important measures in the clinical evaluation of cardiac patients and are also frequently used in research applications. This study was aimed to improve SV scoring derived from spot-electrode based impedance cardiography (ICG) in a pediatric population of healthy volunteers and patients with a corrected congenital heart defect. Methods: 128 healthy volunteers and 66 patients participated. First, scoring methods for ambiguous ICG signals were optimized to improve agreement of B- and X-points with aortic valve opening/closure in simultaneously recorded transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Building on the improved scoring of B- and X-points, the Kubicek equation for SV estimation was optimized by testing the agreement with the simultaneously recorded SV by TTE. Both steps were initially done in a subset of the sample of healthy children and then validated in the remaining subset of healthy children and in a sample of patients. Results: SV assessment by ICG in healthy children strongly improved (intra class correlation increased from 0.26 to 0.72) after replacing baseline thorax impedance (Z0) in the Kubicek equation by an equation (7.337–6.208 ? dZ/dtmax), where dZ/dtmax is the amplitude of the ICG signal at the C-point. Reliable SV assessment remained more difficult in patients compared to healthy controls. Conclusions: After proper adjustment of the Kubicek equation, SV assessed by the use of spot-electrode based ICG is comparable to that obtained from TTE. This approach is highly feasible in a pediatric population and can be used in an ambulatory setting.}, keywords = {Impedance cardiography, Stroke volume, Children, Congenital heart disease, Pre-ejection period, Left ventricular ejection time}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Nederend_et_al_International_Journal_of_Psychophysiology_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.07.015}, author = {Nederend, Ineke and ten Harkel, Arend D.J. and Blom, Nico A. and Bemtson, Gary G. and de Geus, Eco J.C.} } @Article { SuurlandvHvS2017_2, title = {Infant Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Activity during Baseline, Stress and Recovery: Interactions with Prenatal Adversity Predict Physical Aggression in Toddlerhood}, journal = {J Abnorm Child Psychol}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Abstract Exposure to prenatal adversity is associated with aggression later in life. Individual differences in autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning, specifically nonreciprocal activation of the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems, increase susceptibility to aggression, especially in the context of adversity. Previous work examining interactions between early adversity and ANS functioning in infancy is scarce and has not examined interaction between PNS and SNS. This study examined whether the PNS and SNS moderate the relation between cumulative prenatal risk and early physical aggression in 124 children (57\% male). Cumulative risk (e.g., maternal psychiatric disorder, substance (ab)use, and social adversity) was assessed during pregnancy. Parasympathetic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and sympathetic pre-ejection period (PEP) at baseline, in response to and during recovery from emotional challenge were measured at 6 months. Physical aggression and non-physical aggression/ oppositional behavior were measured at 30 months. The results showed that cumulative prenatal risk predicted elevated physical aggression and non-physical aggression/oppositional behavior in toddlerhood; however, the effects on physical aggression were moderated by PNS and SNS functioning. Specifically, the effects of cumulative risk on physical aggression were particularly evident in children characterized by low baseline PNS activity and/or by nonreciprocal activity of the PNS and SNS, characterized by decreased activity (i.e., coinhibition) or increased activity (i.e., coactivation) of both systems at baseline and/or in response to emotional challenge. These findings extend our understanding of the interaction between perinatal risk and infant ANS functioning on developmental outcome.}, keywords = {Aggression . Stress reactivity . Respiratory sinus arrhythmia . Pre-ejection period . Prenatal risk . Infancy}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Infant_PNS_SNS_Suurland_et_al.2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1007/s10802-017-0337-y}, author = {Suurland, J. and van der Heijden, K.B. and Huijbregts, S.C.J. and van Goozen, S.H.M. and Swaab, H.} } @Article { HuLdP2017, title = {Influences of lifestyle factors on cardiac autonomic nervous system activity over time}, journal = {Preventive Medicine}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Physical activity, alcohol use and smoking might affect cardiovascular disease through modifying autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. We investigated: 1) whether there are consistent relationships between lifestyle factors and cardiac ANS activity over time, and 2) whether 2-year changes in lifestyle factors relate to 2-year changes in cardiac activity. Baseline (n=2618) and 2-year follow-up (n=2010) data of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety was combined. Baseline data was collected in the Netherlands from 2004-2007. Lifestyle factors were habitual physical activity, frequency of sport activities, alcohol use, and smoking. Indicators of cardiac activity were heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP) (100min of registration). The results showed that high physical activity (-1.8beats/min compared to low activity), high frequency of sport activities ('couple of times/week': -2.5beats/min compared to 'almost never') and mild/moderate alcohol use (-1.2beats/min compared to non-drinking) were related to low HR. Heavy smoking was related to high HR (>30cigarettes/day: +5.1beats/min compared to non-smoking). High frequency of sport activities was associated with high RSA ('couple of times/week':+1.7ms compared to 'almost never') and moderate smoking with longer PEP (11-20cigarettes/day: +2.8ms compared to non-smoking). Associations were consistent across waves. Furthermore, 2-year change in frequency of sport activities and number of smoked cigarettes/day was accompanied by 2-year change in HR (?=-0.076 and ?=0.101, respectively) and RSA (?=0.046 and ?=-0.040, respectively). Our findings support consistent effects of lifestyle on HR and parasympathetic activity in the expected direction. Cardiac autonomic dysregulation may be partly mediating the relationship between lifestyle and subsequent cardiovascular health.}, keywords = {Alcohol use; Autonomic nervous system; Lifestyle; Physical activity; Smoking}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Hu2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.003}, author = {Hu, Mandy and Lamers, F and de Geus, Eco and Penninx, Brenda} } @Article { SuurlandvHvS2017, title = {Interaction between prenatal risk and infant parasympathetic and sympathetic stress reactivity predicts early aggression}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, year = {2017}, volume = {128}, pages = {98-104}, abstract = {Nonreciprocal action of the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems, increases susceptibility to emotional and behavioral problems in children exposed to adversity. Little is known about the PNS and SNS in interaction with early adversity during infancy. Yet this is when the physiological systems involved in emotion regulation are emerging and presumably most responsive to environmental influences. We examined whether parasympathetic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and sympathetic pre-ejection period (PEP) response and recovery at six months, moderate the association between cumulative prenatal risk and physical aggression at 20 months (N=113). Prenatal risk predicted physical aggression, but only in infants exhibiting coactivation of PNS and SNS (i.e., increase in RSA and decrease in PEP) in response to stress. These findings indicate that coactivation of the PNS and SNS in combination with prenatal risk is a biological marker for the development of aggression.}, keywords = {Aggression, Stress reactivity, Autonomic nervous system, Prenatal risk Infancy}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Suurland_Biological_Psychology_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.005}, author = {Suurland, J. and van der Heijden, K.B. and Huijbregts, S.C.J. and van Goozen, S.H.M. and Swaab, H.} } @Article { ThurstonCBJvLM2017, title = {Physiologically assessed hot flashes and endothelial function among midlife women}, journal = {Menopause: The Journal of The North American Menopause Society}, year = {2017}, volume = {24}, number = {8}, pages = {886-893}, abstract = {Objective: Hot flashes are experienced by most midlife women. Emerging data indicate that they may be associated with endothelial dysfunction. No studies have tested whether hot flashes are associated with endothelial function using physiologic measures of hot flashes. We tested whether physiologically assessed hot flashes were associated with poorer endothelial function. We also considered whether age modified associations. Methods: Two hundred seventy-two nonsmoking women reporting either daily hot flashes or no hot flashes, aged 40 to 60 years, and free of clinical cardiovascular disease, underwent ambulatory physiologic hot flash and diary hot flash monitoring; a blood draw; and ultrasound measurement of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation to assess endothelial function. Associations between hot flashes and flow-mediated dilation were tested in linear regression models controlling for lumen diameter, demographics, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and estradiol. Results: In multivariable models incorporating cardiovascular disease risk factors, significant interactions by age (P<0.05) indicated that among the younger tertile of women in the sample (age 40-53 years), the presence of hot flashes (beta [standard error]¼2.07 [0.79], P¼0.01), and more frequent physiologic hot flashes (for each hot flash: beta [standard error]¼0.10 [0.05], P¼0.03, multivariable) were associated with lower flow-mediated dilation. Associations were not accounted for by estradiol. Associations were not observed among the older women (age 54-60 years) or for self-reported hot flash frequency, severity, or bother. Among the younger women, hot flashes explained more variance in flow-mediated dilation than standard cardiovascular disease risk factors or estradiol. Conclusions: Among younger midlifewomen, frequent hot flasheswere associatedwith poorer endothelial function and may provide information about women’s vascular status beyond cardiovascular disease risk factors and estradiol.}, keywords = {Endothelial function – Hot flashes – Menopause – Vasomotor symptoms}, url = {/vuams-pubs/hot_flashes_Thurston_et_al.2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1097/GME.0000000000000857}, author = {Thurston, Rebecca C. and Chang, Yuefang and Barinas-Mitchell, Emma and Jennings, J. Richard and von Kanel, Roland and Landsittel, Doug P. and Matthews, Karen A.} } @Article { BraekenJONv2017, title = {Potential benefits of mindfulness during pregnancy on maternal autonomic nervous system function and infant development}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2017}, volume = {54}, pages = {279-288}, abstract = {Mindfulness is known to decrease psychological distress. Possible benefits in pregnancy have rarely been explored. Our aim was to examine the prospective association of mindfulness with autonomic nervous system function during pregnancy and with later infant social-emotional development. Pregnant women (N5156) completed self-report mindfulness and emotional distress questionnaires, and had their autonomic function assessed in their first and third trimesters, including heart rate (HR), indices of heart rate variability (HRV), preejection period (PEP), and systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The social-emotional development of 109 infants was assessed at 4 months of age. More mindful pregnant women had less prenatal and postnatal emotional distress (p<.001) and higher cardiac parasympathetic activity: root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD: p5.03) and high-frequency (HF) HRV (p5.02). Between the first and third trimesters, women’s overall HR increased (p<.001), and HRV (RMSSD, HF HRV, and low-frequency (LF) HRV: p<.001) and PEP decreased (p<.001). In more mindful mothers, parasympathetic activity decreased less (RMSSD: p5.01; HF HRV: p5.03) and sympathetic activity (inversely related to PEP) increased less (PEP: p5.02) between trimesters. Their offspring displayed less negative social-emotional behavior (p5.03) compared to offspring of less mindful mothers. Mindfulness in pregnancy was associated with ANS changes likely to be adaptive and with better social-emotional offspring development. Interventions to increase mindfulness during pregnancy might improve maternal and offspring health, but randomized trials are needed to demonstrate this.}, keywords = {Mindfulness, Autonomic nervous system, Emotional distress, Pregnancy, Offspring’s social emotional development}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Braeken_et_al-2017-Psychophysiology.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/psyp.12782}, author = {Braeken, Marijke A.K.A. and Jones, Alexanders and Otte, Ren{\'e}e A. and Nyklicek, Ivan and van den Bergh, Bea R.H.} } @Article { SchulteHolierhoekVGPS2017, title = {Sensory expectation, perception, and autonomic nervous system responses to package colours and product popularity}, journal = {Food Quality and Preference}, year = {2017}, volume = {62}, pages = {60-70}, abstract = {Consumers’ perception of, and behaviour towards, products are influenced by extrinsic cues, including packaging and social norms. However, the understanding of this process is unsatisfactorily captured by questionnaires. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses can be used to measure implicit consumer responses. The aim of this work was to assess how packaging cues and social norms influence product expectation, product perception, and ANS responses. Ninety-eight adults (age: 23.3 ± 3.2 years; BMI: 21.3 ± 2.2 kg/m2) first viewed four images of a yogurt package modified in hue (blue/red), brightness (high/low), and saturation (high/low) and two dummies alongside a fictitious product popularity score. After each image presentation, participants rated their expectations of the yogurt, tasted, and rated their perception of it. Expectations and the perception of liking, healthiness, sweetness, and flavour intensity were rated on 100-unit VAS scales. Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance response (SCR) to the image and tasting were measured. The darker, saturated red package elicited the lowest expectation of healthiness and the highest expectation of flavour intensity and sweetness. Red packages increased SCR while blue packages decreased them. During yogurt tasting, low product popularity was associated with a stronger decrease in SCR than a high popularity. Overall, the measured ANS responses were small. In conclusion, this study was the first to look at the effect of expectations elicited by a product’s packaging colour and popularity on explicit ratings and ANS responses. We found differences in SCR to package colour and product popularity, suggesting their importance in affecting consumer responses.}, keywords = {Autonomic nervous system, Heart rate, Skin conductance, Descriptive social norm, Packaging, Taste}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Schulte-Holierhoek_Food_Quality_and_Preference_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.06.017}, author = {Schulte-Holierhoek, Aurelia and Verastegui-Tena, Luz and Goedegebure, Robert P.G. and Piqueras-Fiszman, Betina and Smeets, Paul A.M.} } @Article { ThurstonCvBJHSBM2017, title = {Sleep Characteristics and Carotid Atherosclerosis Among Midlife Women}, journal = {Sleep}, year = {2017}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, abstract = {Introduction: Midlife, which encompasses the menopause transition in women, can be a time of disrupted sleep and accelerated atherosclerosis accumulation. Short or poor sleep quality has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; few studies have investigated relations among midlife women. We tested whether shorter actigraphy sleep time or poorer subjective sleep quality was associated with carotid atherosclerosis among midlife women. Aims and Methods: Two hundred fifty-six peri- and postmenopausal women aged 40–60 years completed 3 days of wrist actigraphy, hot flash monitoring, questionnaires (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI], Berlin), a blood draw, and carotid ultrasound [intima media thickness (IMT), plaque]. Associations of objective (actigraphy) and subjective (PSQI) sleep with IMT/plaque were tested in regression models (covariates: age, race, education, body mass index, blood pressure, lipids, insulin resistance, medications, snoring, depressive symptoms, sleep hot flashes, and estradiol). Results: Shorter objective sleep time was associated with higher odds of carotid plaque (for each hour shorter sleep, plaque score ? 2, odds ratio (OR) [95\% confidence interval, CI] = 1.58 [1.11–2.27], p = .01; plaque score = 1, OR [95\% CI] = 0.95 [0.68–1.32], p = .75, vs. no plaque, multivariable). Poorer subjective sleep quality was associated with higher mean IMT [?, b (standard error, SE) = 0.004 (0.002), p = .03], maximal IMT [b (SE) = 0.009 (0.003), p = .005], and plaque [plaque score ? 2, OR (95\% CI) = 1.23 (1.09–1.40), p = .001; score = 1, OR (95\% CI) = 1.06 (0.93–1.21), p = .37, vs. no plaque] in multivariable models. Findings persisted additionally adjusting for sleep hot flashes and estradiol. Conclusions: Shorter actigraphy-assessed sleep time and poorer subjective sleep quality were associated with increased carotid atherosclerosis among midlife women. Associations persisted adjusting for CVD risk factors, hot flashes, and estradiol.}, keywords = {menopause, sleep, intima media thickness, cardiovascular disease}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Sleep_atherosclerosis_Thurston_et_al.2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1093/sleep/zsw052}, author = {Thurston, Rebecca C. and Chang, Yuefang and von Kanel, Roland and Barinas-Mitchell, Emma and Jennings, J. Richard and Hall, Martica H. and Santoro, Nanette and Buysse, Daniel J. and Matthews, Karen A.} } @Article { NelemansHBvKM2017, title = {The role of stress reactivity in the long-term persistence of adolescentsocial anxiety symptoms}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, year = {2017}, volume = {125}, pages = {91-104}, abstract = {Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) symptoms demonstrate a marked persistence over time, but little is knownempirically about short-term processes that may account for this long-term persistence. In this study, weexamined how self-reported and physiological stress reactivity were associated with persistence of SADsymptoms from early to late adolescence. A community sample of 327 adolescents (56\% boys, Mage= 13.01at T1) reported their SAD symptoms for 6 successive years and participated in a public speaking task,during which self-reported (i.e., perceived nervousness and heart rate) and physiological (i.e., cortisoland heart rate) measures of stress were taken. Overall, our results point to a developmental processin which adolescents with a developmental history of higher SAD symptoms show both heightenedperceived stress reactivity and heart rate reactivity, which, in turn, predict higher SAD symptoms intolate adolescence.}, keywords = {Social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptomsAdolescenceStress reactivityDevelopmental processesPublic speaking taska}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Nelemans_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.03.003}, author = {Nelemans, S.A. and Hale, W.W. and Branje, S.J.T. and van Lier, P.A.C. and Koot, H.M. and Meeus, W.H.J.} } @Article { PaansBGSBVP2017, title = {Which biopsychosocial variables contribute to more weight gain in depressed persons?}, journal = {Psychiatry Research}, year = {2017}, volume = {254}, pages = {96-103}, abstract = {Depression appears to be associated with weight gain. Little is known about whether this association is independent of, or partly due to, several biopsychosocial variables. This study aims to investigate which biopsychosocial variables contribute to weight gain over a 4-year period in persons with major depressive disorder (MDD) or high depressive symptoms. Data from 1658 adults who participated in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety were used. Baseline depression was measured with a DSM-IV based psychiatric interview and with a depressive symptom measure. Four year weight gain was classified as stable weight (within 5\% gain or loss) versus weight gain (> 5\% gain). Twenty-one baseline psychological, lifestyle and biological variables and antidepressant use were considered as potential contributing variables. In sociodemographic adjusted models, MDD and depressive symptoms were associated with subsequent weight gain. None of the biopsychosocial variables or antidepressants was associated with weight gain, thus did not contribute to the observed increased weight gain risk in depression, except for alcohol intake and TCA use. Future research should explore other potential factors that may be responsible for the increased risk for subsequent weight gain in depression, e.g. unhealthy dietary patterns or eating styles, or underlying intrinsic factors such as genetics.}, keywords = {Depression Weight Mechanisms}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Paans_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.044}, author = {Paans, Nadine and Bot, Mariska and Gibson-Smith, Deborah and Spinhoven, Philip and Brouwer, Ingeborg and Visser, Marjolein and Penninxa, Brenda} } @Article { HuLPd2017, title = {Temporal stability and drivers of change in cardiac autonomic nervous system activity}, journal = {Autonomic Neuroscience}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Objectives: This study determined temporal stability of ambulatory measured cardiac autonomic activity for different time periods and investigated potential drivers of changes in this activity. Methods: Data was drawn from baseline (n= 2379), 2-year (n =2245), and 6-year (n =1876) follow-up from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Cardiac autonomic activity was measured with heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP). Autonomic temporal stability was determined across 2, 4, and 6 year intervals. We subsequently examined the association between sociodemographics, lifestyle, mental health, cardiometabolic health, and the use of antidepressant and cardiac medication with change in cardiac autonomic activity. Results: Over 2 years, stability was good for HR (ICC =0.703), excellent for RSA (ICC =0.792) and moderate for PEP (ICC= 0.576). Stability decreased for a 4- (HR ICC =0.688, RSA ICC = 0.652 and PEP ICC = 0.387) and 6-year interval (HR ICC =0.633, RSA ICC =0.654 and PEP ICC = 0.355). The most important determinants for increase in HR were (increase in) smoking, increase in body mass index (BMI) and (starting) the use of antidepressants. Beta-blocking/antiarrhythmic drug use led to a decrease in HR. Decrease in RSA was associated with age, smoking and (starting) antidepressant use. Decrease in PEP was associated with age and (increase in) BMI. Conclusions: Cardiac autonomic measures were rather stable over 2 years, but stability decreased with increasing time span. Determinants contributing to cardiac autonomic deterioration were older age, (increase in) smoking and BMI, and (starting) the use of antidepressants. (Starting) the use of cardiac medication improved autonomic function.}, keywords = {Autonomic nervous system, Temporal stability, Longitudinal Lifestyle, Antidepressants, Cardiac medication}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Hu_et_al_Autonomic_Nerusocience_in_press_2017.pdf}, state = {unpublished}, DOI = {10.1016/j.autneu.2017.07.005}, author = {Hu, Mandy X. and Lamers, Femke and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. and de Geus, Eco J.C.} } @Article { BabelJOvPVDJ2016, title = {Do post-trauma symptoms mediate the relation between neurobiological stress parameters and conduct problems in girls?}, journal = {Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health}, year = {2016}, month = {11}, day = {1}, abstract = {Objective Attenuated activity of stress-regulating systems has consistently been reported in boys with conduct problems. Results in studies of girls are inconsistent, which may result from the high prevalence of comorbid post-trauma symptoms. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate post-trauma symptoms as a potential mediator in the relation between stress-regulation systems functioning and conduct problems in female adolescents. Methods The sample consisted of 78 female adolescents (mean age 15.4; SD 1.1) admitted to a closed treatment institution. The diagnosis of disruptive behaviour disorder (DBD) was assessed by a structured interview—the diagnostic interview schedule for children version IV (DISC-IV). To assess post-trauma symptoms and externalizing behaviour problems, self-report questionnaires, youth self report (YSR) and the trauma symptom checklist for Children (TSCC) were used. The cortisol awakenings response (CAR) measured hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity, whereas autonomous nervous system (ANS) activity was assessed by heart rate (HR), pre-ejection period (PEP) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Independent t-tests were used to compare girls with and without DBD, while path analyses tested for the mediating role of post- trauma symptoms in the relation between stress regulating systems and externalizing behaviour. Results Females with DBD (n = 37) reported significantly higher rates of post-trauma symptoms and externalizing behaviour problems than girls without DBD (n = 39). Path analysis found no relation between CAR and externalizing behaviour problems. With regard to ANS activity, positive direct effects on externalizing behaviour problems were present for HR (standardized ? = 0.306, p = 0.020) and PEP (standardized ? = ?0.323, p = 0.031), though not for RSA. Furthermore, no relation—whether direct or indirect—could be determined from post-trauma symptoms. Conclusions Present findings demonstrate that the neurobiological characteristics of female externalizing behaviour differ from males, since girls showed heightened instead of attenuated ANS activity. While the prevalence of post-trauma symptoms was high in girls with DBD, it did not mediate the relation between stress parameters and externalizing behaviour. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.}, keywords = {Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal-axis Autonomic nervous system Conduct problems Post-trauma Girls}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Babel2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1186/s13034-016-0129-0}, author = {Babel, Kimberly and Jambroes, Tijs and Oostmeijer, Sanne and van de Ven, Peter and Popma, Arne and Vermeiren, Robert and Doreleijers, Theo and Jansen, Lucres} } @Article { HeleniakMOR2016, title = {Cardiovascular reactivity as a mechanism linking child trauma to adolescent psychopathology}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, year = {2016}, month = {10}, volume = {120}, pages = {108–119}, abstract = {Alterations in physiological reactivity to stress are argued to be central mechanisms linking adverse childhood environmental experiences to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Childhood trauma exposure may influence physiological reactivity to stress in distinct ways from other forms of childhood adversity. This study applied a novel theoretical model to investigate the impact of childhood trauma on cardiovascular stress reactivity – the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat. This model suggests that inefficient cardiovascular responses to stress – a threat as opposed to challenge profile – are characterized by blunted cardiac output (CO) reactivity and increased vascular resistance. We examined whether childhood trauma exposure predicted an indicator of the threat profile of cardiovascular reactivity and whether such a pattern was associated with adolescent psychopathology in a population-representative sample of 488 adolescents (M = 16.17 years old, 49.2\% boys) in the TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Exposure to trauma was associated with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms and a pattern of cardiovascular reactivity consistent with the threat profile, including blunted CO reactivity during a social stress task. Blunted CO reactivity, in turn, was positively associated with externalizing, but not internalizing symptoms and mediated the link between trauma and externalizing psychopathology. None of these associations varied by gender. The biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat provides a novel theoretical framework for understanding disruptions in physiological reactivity to stress following childhood trauma exposure, revealing a potential pathway linking such exposure with externalizing problems in adolescents.}, keywords = {Cardiovascular system; Stress reactivity; Trauma; Child maltreatment; Adolescence; Internalizing; Externalizing}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Heleniak_2016.pdf}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.08.007}, author = {Heleniak, C and McLaughin, KA and Ormel, J and Riese, H} } @Article { HuLHPd2016, title = {Basal autonomic activity, stress reactivity, and increases in metabolic syndrome components over time}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2016}, month = {9}, volume = {71}, pages = {119-26}, abstract = {CONTEXT: Basal autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning has been linked to the metabolic syndrome (MetS), but the role of ANS reactivity in response to stress remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To examine cross-sectionally and longitudinally to what extent ANS basal level and stress reactivity are related to MetS. DESIGN: 2-year and 6-year data from a prospective cohort: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. SETTING: Participants were recruited from the general community, primary care, and mental health care organizations. PARTICIPANTS: 1922 respondents (mean age=43.7years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Indicators of ANS functioning were heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP). ANS stress reactivity was measured during a cognitively challenging stressor and a personal-emotional stressor. MetS components included triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose and waist circumference. RESULTS: Cross-sectional analyses indicated that higher basal HR, lower basal values of RSA and PEP, and higher RSA reactivity during cognitive challenge were related to less favorable values of almost all individual MetS components. Longitudinal analyses showed that higher basal HR and shorter basal PEP predicted 4-year increase in many MetS abnormalities. Higher RSA stress reactivity during cognitive challenge predicted 4-year increase in number of MetS components. CONCLUSION: Higher basal sympathetic, lower basal parasympathetic activity, and increased parasympathetic withdrawal during stress are associated with multiple MetS components, and higher basal sympathetic activity predicts an increase in metabolic abnormalities over time. These findings support a role for ANS dysregulation in the risk for MetS and, consequently, the development of cardiovascular disease.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Hu_2016__2_.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.018}, author = {Hu, MX and Lamers, F and Hiles, SA and Penninx, BW and de Geus, JCN} } @Article { HuLdP2016, title = {Differential Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity in Depression and Anxiety DuringStress Depending on Type of Stressor}, year = {2016}, month = {6}, volume = {78}, number = {5}, pages = {562-72}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: It remains unclear whether depressive and anxiety disorders are associated with hyporeactivity or hyperreactivity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and whether deviant reactivity occurs in all types of stressors. This study compared ANS reactivity in people with current or remitted depression/anxiety with reactivity in healthy controls during two stress conditions. METHODS: From the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, data of 804 individuals with current depression/anxiety, 913 individuals with remitted depression/anxiety, and 466 healthy controls (mean age = 44.1 years; 66.4\% female) were available. Two conditions were used to evoke stress: a) an n-back task, a cognitively challenging stressor, and 2) a psychiatric interview, evoking personal-emotional stress related to the occurrence of symptoms of depression/anxiety. Indicators of ANS activity were heart rate (HR), root mean square of differences between successive interbeat intervals (RMSSD), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and preejection period. RESULTS: As compared with controls, participants with psychopathology had significant hyporeactivity of HR (controls = 4.1 ± 4.2 beats/min; remitted = 3.5 ± 3.5 beats/min; current psychopathology = 3.1 ± 3.4 beats/min), RMSSD (controls = -6.2 ± 14.5 milliseconds; remitted = -5.4 ± 17.8 milliseconds; current psychopathology = -3.5 ± 15.4 milliseconds), and RSA (controls = -9.3 ± 17.0 milliseconds; remitted = -7.4 ± 16.5 milliseconds; current psychopathology = -6.9 ± 15.0 milliseconds) during the n-back task. In contrast, during the psychiatric interview, they showed significant hyperreactivity of HR (controls = 2.7 ± 3.4 beats/min; remitted = 3.5 ± 3.4 beats/min; current psychopathology = 4.0 ± 3.3 beats/min), RMSSD (controls = -3.4 ± 12.2 milliseconds; remitted = -4.1 ± 12.1 milliseconds; current psychopathology = -5.6 ± 11.8 milliseconds), and RSA (controls = -3.8 ± 8.1 milliseconds; remitted = -4.3 ± 7.9 milliseconds; current psychopathology = -5.0 ± 7.9 milliseconds). The lack of group differences in preejection period reactivity suggests that the found effects were driven by altered cardiac vagal reactivity in depression/anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: The direction of altered ANS reactivity in depressed/anxious patients is dependent on the type of stressor, and only the more ecologically valid stressors may evoke hyperreactivity in these patients.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Hu_2016.pdf}, DOI = {10.1097/PSY.0000000000000313}, author = {Hu, MX and Lamers, F and de Geus, JCN and Penninx, BW} } @Article { MallamR2016, title = {Efficient reference-free adaptive artifact cancellers for impedance cardiography basedremote health care monitoring systems}, year = {2016}, month = {6}, abstract = {In this paper, a new model for adaptive artifact cancelation in impedance cardiography (ICG) signals is presented. It is a hybrid model based on wavelet decomposition and an adaptive filter. A novel feature of this model is the implementation of reference-free adaptive artifact cancellers (AAC). For this implementation, the reference signal is constructed using a wavelet transformation. During critical conditions the filter weights may be negative and cause an imbalance in the convergence. To overcome this problem, we introduce non-negative adaptive algorithms in the proposed artifact canceller. To accelerate the performance of the AAC, we propose exponential non-negative and normalized non-negative algorithms to update the filter coefficients. The computational complexity of the filtering section in a remote health care system is important to avoid inter-symbol interference of the incoming samples. This can be achieved by combining sign-based algorithms with the adaptive filtering section. Finally, several AACs are developed using variants of the non-negative algorithms and performance measures are computed and compared. All of the proposed AACs are tested on actual ICG signals. Among the AACs evaluated, sign regressor normalized non-negative LMS (SRN3LMS) based adaptive artifact canceller achieves highest signal to noise ratio (SNR). The SNR achieved by this algorithm in baseline wander artifact elimination is 8.5312 dBs, in electrode muscle artifact elimination is 7.5908 dBs and in impedance measurement artifact elimination is 8.4231 dBs.}, keywords = {Artifact canceller Cardiovascular diseases Impedance cardiogram Non-negative algorithm Remote health care}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Mallam_2016.pdf}, DOI = {10.1186/s40064-016-2461-5}, author = {Mallam, M and Rao, KC} } @Article { DoornweerdIvNvvd2016, title = {Physical activity and dietary intake in BMI discordant identical twins.}, journal = {Obesity}, year = {2016}, month = {6}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1349-55}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Despite the latest discovery of obesity-associated genes, the rapid rise in global obesity suggests a major role for environmental factors. This study investigated the influence of environmental factors on physical activity and dietary intake independent of genetic effects. METHODS: Sixteen female monozygotic twins aged 48.8?±?9.8 years (range 37-70) with a mean BMI discordance of 3.96?±?2.1 kg/m(2) (range 0.7-8.2) were studied. Physical activity was determined using 7-day accelerometry and dietary intake using 3-day 24-h recalls. RESULTS: Heavier cotwins were generally less physically active (mean activity counts \(\times\) 1,000 per day?±?SD; 505.5?±?155.1 vs. 579.6?±?185.4, P?=?0.047) and tended to spend 6.1 min/day less in moderate to vigorous physical activity than leaner cotwins (P?=?0.09). Energy intake did not significantly differ within pairs. Total fat intake (en\%; P?=?0.03), specifically monounsaturated fat (P? .05). It appears that limb vasculature and TPR responses to stress do not give the same information about impairments of the vasculature. These ?ndings are relevant to the interpretation of prior research ?ndings and the design of future studies on stress and vascular responses.}, keywords = {Mental stress, Forearm blood ?ow, Total peripheral resistance}, url = {vuams-pubs/paine2013-2.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/psyp.12054}, author = {Paine, Nicola J. and Ring, Christopher and BOSCH, JOS A. and MCINTYRE, DAVID and VELDHUIJZEN VAN ZANTEN, JET J. C. S.} } @Article { JonkmanSLOBL2013, title = {The effectiveness of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers (MTFC-P) for young children with severe behavioral disturbances: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial}, journal = {Trials}, year = {2013}, volume = {14}, number = {197}, tags = {Attachment, Autonomic reactivity, Behavior, Cortisol, Foster care, Preschool children}, url = {vuams-pubs/Jonkman.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1745-6215-14-197.pdf}, author = {Jonkman, Caroline S and Schuengel, Carlo and Lindeboom, Robert and Oosterman, Mirjam and Boer, Frits and Lindauer, Ramon J.L.} } @Article { HovlandPHHTTN2012, title = {The relationships among heart rate variability, executive functions, and clinical variables in patients with panic disorder}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2012}, month = {12}, volume = {86}, number = {3}, pages = {269–275}, abstract = {Heart rate variability (HRV) is reduced in patients who suffer from panic disorder (PD). Reduced HRV is related to hypoactivity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which negatively affects executive functioning. The present study assessed the relationships between vagally mediated HRV at baseline and measures of executive functioning in 36 patients with PD. Associations between these physiological and cognitive measures and panic-related variables were also investigated. HRV was measured using HF-power (ms2), and executive functions were assessed with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Color-Word Interference Test (CWIT) from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). Panic-related variables comprised panic frequency, panic-related distress, and duration of PD. Performance on the neuropsychological measures correlated significantly with HRV. Both panic-related distress and duration of PD were inversely related with measures of HRV and cognitive inhibition. The current findings support the purported relationship between HRV and executive functions involving the PFC.}, keywords = {Panic disorder; Anxiety; Heart rate variability; Executive functions; Attention; Inhibition}, url = {vuams-pubs/Hovland_2012.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.004}, author = {Hovland, Anders and Pallesen, St{\aa}le and Hammar, {\AA}sa and Hansen, Anita Lill and Thayer, Julian F. and Tarvainen, Mika P. and Nordhus, Inger Hilde} } @Article { LichtPd2012, title = {Effects of Antidepressants, but not Psychopathology, on Cardiac Sympathetic Control: A Longitudinal Study}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology}, year = {2012}, month = {7}, day = {4}, pages = {1-9}, abstract = {Increased sympathetic activity has been hypothesized to have a role in the elevated somatic disease risk in persons with depressive or anxiety disorders. However, it remains unclear whether increased sympathetic activity reflects a direct effect of anxiety or depression or an indirect effect of antidepressant medication. The aim of this study was to test longitudinally whether cardiac sympathetic control, measured by pre-ejection period (PEP), was increased by depression/anxiety status and by antidepressant use. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data were from a depression and anxiety cohort: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Baseline data of 2838 NESDA subjects (mean age 41.7 years, 66.7\% female) and 2-year follow-up data of 2226 subjects were available for analyses. Included were subjects with and without depressive/anxiety disorders, using or not using different antidepressants at baseline or follow-up. The PEP was measured non-invasively by 1.5 h of ambulatory impedance cardiography. Cross-sectional analyses compared PEP across psychopathology and antidepressant groups. Longitudinal analyses compared 2-year changes in PEP in relation to changes in psychopathology and antidepressant use. Cross-sectional analyses showed that antidepressant-na\&\#305;ve depressive/anxious subjects had comparable PEP as controls, whereas subjects using tricyclic (TCA) or combined serotonergic/noradrenergic antidepressants (SNRI) had significantly shorter PEP compared with controls. In contrast, subjects using selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) had longer PEP than controls. Longitudinal results confirmed these findings: compared with 2-year change in PEP in continuous non-users ( + 2 ms), subjects who started TCA or SNRI treatment showed significantly shortened PEP ( -11 ms, p = 0.005 and p<0.001), whereas subjects who started SSRI treatment showed significant prolongation of PEP ( + 9 ms, p = 0.002). Reversed findings were observed among those who stopped antidepressant use. These findings suggest that depressive and anxiety disorders are not associated with increased cardiac sympathetic control. However, results pose that TCA and SNRI use increases sympathetic control, whereas SSRI use decreases sympathetic control.}, keywords = {sympathetic nervous system; major depressive disorder; pre-ejection period; antidepressants; anxiety disorder}, url = {vuams-pubs/C.Licht_2012npp2012107a.pdf}, DOI = {10.1038/npp.2012.107}, author = {Licht, Carmilla MM and Penninx, Brenda WJH and de Geus, Eco JC} } @Article { BarakatVLGMdSPD2012, title = {Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system is associated with pain intensity, not with the presence of chronic widespread pain}, journal = {Arthritis Care \& Research}, year = {2012}, month = {3}, day = {8}, url = {vuams-pubs/Barakat_2012.pdf}, state = {accepted}, DOI = {10.1002/acr.21669}, author = {Barakat, Ansam and Vogelzangs, Nicole and Licht, Carmilla M.M. and Geenen, Rinie and Macfarlane, Gary J. and de Geus, Eco and Smit, Johannes H. and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. and Dekker, Joost} } @Article { WeizheDGT2012, title = {Effect of sodium tanshinon IIA silate on heart function of children with myocarditis}, journal = {Journal of Medicinal Plants Research}, year = {2012}, month = {2}, day = {9}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {763-767}, abstract = {This study intends to evaluate the effects of sodium tanshinon IIA silate on cardiac function of children with myocarditis. 69 children were randomly divided into myocarditis untreatment and sodium tanshinon IIA silate treatment groups. Another 24 healthy children served as normal control. Our experimental results demonstrated that the sodium tanshinon IIA silate treatment can significantly improve heart function in children with myocarditis.}, keywords = {Sodium tanshinon IIA silate, myocarditis, children, troponin I.}, url = {vuams-pubs/Weizhe_et_al_2012.pdf}, author = {Weizhe, Huang and Dongtao, Zhang and Ge, Zhang and Tong, Li} } @Article { WeizheDGT2012_2, title = {Effect of sodium tanshinon IIA silate on heart function of children with myocarditis}, journal = {Journal of Medicinal Plants Research}, year = {2012}, month = {2}, day = {9}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {763-767}, abstract = {This study intends to evaluate the effects of sodium tanshinon IIA silate on cardiac function of children with myocarditis. 69 children were randomly divided into myocarditis untreatment and sodium tanshinon IIA silate treatment groups. Another 24 healthy children served as normal control. Our experimental results demonstrated that the sodium tanshinon IIA silate treatment can significantly improve heart function in children with myocarditis.}, keywords = {Sodium tanshinon IIA silate, myocarditis, children, troponin I.}, url = {vuams-pubs/Weizhe_2012.pdf}, DOI = {10.5897/JMPR11.1309}, author = {Weizhe, Huang and Dongtao, Zhang and Ge, Zhang and Tong, Li} } @Article { vanDijkvSGV2012, title = {Prenatal Stress and Balance of the Child's Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System at Age 5-6 Years}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, year = {2012}, month = {1}, day = {17}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {e30413}, url = {vuams-pubs/Aimee_E_vanDijk_2012.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info\%3Adoi\%2F10.1371\%2Fjournal.pone.0030413\&representation=PDF}, DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0030413}, author = {van Dijk, Aimee E. and van Eijsden, Manon and Stronks, Karien and Gemke, Reinoud J. B. J. and Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M.} } @Article { deWitSJ2012, title = {Cardiovascular reactivity and resistance to opposing viewpoints during intragroup conflict}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2012}, volume = {49}, pages = {1523–1531}, abstract = {This study examined how the outcomes of joint decision making relate to cardiovascular reactions when group members disagree about the decision to be taken. A conflict was experimentally induced during a joint decision-making task, while cardiovascular markers of challenge/threat motivational states were assessed following the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (BPSM; J. Blascovich, 2008). Results show that individuals were less likely to adjust their initially preferred decision alternative the more they exhibited a cardiovascular pattern indicative of threat (i.e., relatively high total peripheral resistance and low cardiac output) compared to challenge. This finding extends the BPSM by showing a link between threat and rigidity, and emphasizes the importance of psychophysiological processes for studying intragroup conflict and decision making.}, keywords = {Threat, Conflict, Heart rate, Cardiac output, Anxiety, Total peripheral resistance}, url = {vuams-pubs/Wit_2012.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01456.x}, author = {de Wit, Frank R.C. and Scheepers, Daan and Jehn, Karen A.} } @Article { AllenF2012, title = {Positive emotion reduces dyspnea during slow paced breathing}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2012}, number = {49}, pages = {690-696}, abstract = {Slow breathing is used to induce cardiovascular resonance, a state associated with health benefits, but it can also increase tidal volume and associated dyspnea (respiratory discomfort). Dyspnea may be decreased by induced positive affect. In this study, 71 subjects (36 men, M = 20 years) breathed at 6 breaths per min. In condition one, subjects paced their breathing by inhaling and exhaling as a vertical bar moved up and down. In condition two, breathing was paced by a timed slideshow of positive images; subjects inhaled during a black screen and exhaled as the image appeared. Cardiac, respiratory, and self-reported dyspnea and emotional indices were recorded. Tidal volume and the intensity and unpleasantness of dyspnea were reduced when paced breathing was combined with pleasant images. These results show that positive affect can reduce dyspnea during slow paced breathing, and may have applications for induced cardiovas- cular resonance.}, keywords = {Dyspnea, Emotion, Cardiovascular resonance, Heart rate variability, Paced breathing}, url = {vuams-pubs/ALLEN_2012.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01344.x}, author = {Allen, Ben and Friedman, Bruce H.} } @Article { WalkerMSR2012, title = {Predicting Team Performance in a Dynamic Environment: A Team Psychophysiological Approach to Measuring Cognitive Readiness}, journal = {Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making}, year = {2012}, keywords = {team psychophysiology, team performance, cognitive readiness, process control}, url = {vuams-pubs/D.Walker_2012.pdf}, DOI = {10.1177/1555343412444733}, author = {Walker, Alexander D. and Muth, Eric R. and Switzer III, Fred S. and Rosopa, Patrick J.} } @Article { HamerS2012, title = {Vascular inflammation and blood pressure response to acute exercise}, journal = {Eur J Appl Physiol}, year = {2012}, number = {112}, pages = {2375-2379}, url = {vuams-pubs/Hamer_2012.pdf}, DOI = {10.1007/s00421-011-2210-y}, author = {Hamer, Mark and Steptoe, Andrew} } @Article { deVriesBouwJVDvP2012, title = {Concurrent attenuated reactivity of alpha-amylase and cortisol is related to disruptive behavior in male adolescents}, journal = {Hormones and Behavior}, year = {2012}, url = {vuams-pubs/de_Vries-Bouw_2012.pdf}, state = {unpublished}, DOI = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.05.002}, author = {de Vries-Bouw, Marjan and Jansen, Lucres and Vermeiren, Robert and Doreleijers, Theo and van de Ven, Peter and Popma, Arne} } @Article { CushmanGGB2012, title = {Simulating murder: The aversion to harmful action}, journal = {Emotion}, year = {2012}, url = {vuams-pubs/Cushman_2012.pdf}, state = {unpublished}, author = {Cushman, Fiery and Gray, Kurt and Gaffey, Allison and Berry Mendes, Wendy} } @Article { vanReedtDortlandVGLVvdPZ2012, title = {The impact of stress systems and lifestyle on dyslipidemia and obesity in anxiety and depression}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2012}, keywords = {Anxiety; Depression; Tricyclic antidepressants; HPA axis; Autonomic nervous system; Inflammation; Lifestyle}, url = {vuams-pubs/Reedt-Dortland_2012_PEP_obesity_depression.pdf}, state = {unpublished}, DOI = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.05.017}, author = {van Reedt Dortland, Arianne K.B. and Vreeburg, Sophie A. and Giltay, Erik J. and Licht, Carmilla M.M. and Vogelzangs, Nicole and van Veen, Tineke and de Geus, Eco J.C. and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. and Zitman, Frans G.} } @Article { BoschlooVLVSvVdBP2011, title = {Heavy alcohol use, rather than alcohol dependence, is associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system}, journal = {Drug and Alcohol Dependence}, year = {2011}, month = {7}, volume = {116}, number = {1-3}, pages = {170–176}, keywords = {Alcohol dependence; Alcohol use; Autonomic nervous system; Cortisol; Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis}, url = {vuams-pubs/Boschloo2011.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871611000275}, DOI = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.006}, author = {Boschloo, Lynn and Vogelzangs, Nicole and Licht, Carmilla M.M. and Vreeburg, Sophie A. and Smit, Johannes H. and van den Brink, Wim and Veltman, Dick J. and de Geus, Eco J.C. and Beekman, Aartjan T.F. and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H.} } @Article { vanLienGKBWd2011, title = {Underestimation of cardiac vagal control in regular exercisers by 24-hour heart rate variability recordings}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2011}, month = {6}, day = {30}, volume = {81}, pages = {169-176}, keywords = {Parasympathetic nervous system Ambulatory monitoring RSA Physical activity Exercise}, url = {vuams-pubs/vanLien_2011.pdf}, author = {van Lien, Rene and Goedhart, Annebet and Kupper, Nina and Boomsma, Dorret and Willemsen, Gonneke and de Geus, Eco J.C.} } @Article { GruberOKJ2011, title = {A discrete emotions approach to positive emotion disturbance in depression}, journal = {Cognition and Emotion}, year = {2011}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {40-52}, abstract = {Converging findings suggest that depressed individuals exhibit disturbances in positive emotion. No study, however, has ascertained which specific positive emotions are implicated in depression. We report two studies that compare how depressive symptoms relate to distinct positive emotions at both trait and state levels of assessment. In Study 1 (N=185), we examined associations between depressive symptoms and three trait positive emotions (pride, happy, amusement). Study 2 compared experiential and autonomic reactivity to pride, happy, and amusement film stimuli between depressive (n=24; DS) and non-depressive (n=31; NDS) symptom groups. Results indicate that symptoms of depression were most strongly associated with decreased trait pride and decreased positive emotion experience to pride-eliciting films. Discussion focuses on the implications these findings have for understanding emotion deficits in depression as well as for the general study of positive emotion.}, keywords = {Depression; Positive emotion; Pride.}, url = {vuams-pubs/Gruber_2011.pdf}, DOI = {10.1080/02699931003615984}, author = {Gruber, June and Oveis, Christopher and Keltner, Dacher and Johnson, Sheri L} } @Article { Brydon2011, title = {Adiposity, leptin and stress reactivity in humans}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, year = {2011}, number = {86}, pages = {114-120}, abstract = {vidence suggests that individuals who are more obese may be more responsive to stress. Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the adipose-tissue cytokine leptin stimulates SNS activity in animals. We examined the relationship between adiposity, leptin and physiological responses to acute laboratory stress in 67 women. We predicted that individuals with greater adiposity and/or higher plasma leptin would be more stress-responsive. Adiposity was unrelated to cardiovascular or neuroendocrine stress reactivity. However, women with larger waists had greater stress-induced increases in plasma leptin and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Similarly, women with higher basal leptin displayed greater stress-induced increases in heart rate and plasma interleukin-6, and larger decreases in heart rate variability and cardiac pre-ejection period. Heightened cardiovascular and inflammatory stress responses are predictive of future cardiovascular risk. Our findings suggest that the cytokines leptin and IL-1Ra may play a role in the association between obesity, stress and cardiovascular health.}, keywords = {Psychological stress,Adiposity,Leptin,Cytokines,Cardiovascular reactivity}, url = {vuams-pubs/Brydon_2011.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.02.010}, author = {Brydon, Lena} } @Article { Busscher2011, title = {Analysis of Physiological Response to Neutral Virtual Reality Worlds}, journal = {ECCE 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Engineering for Technology in Mental Health Care and Rehabilitation}, year = {2011}, pages = {59-71}, abstract = {Using virtual reality technology for exposure therapy to treat patients with anxiety disorders is attracting considerable research attention. The ability to monitor patient anxiety level helps therapists to set appropriate anxiety arousing situations. Physiological measure has been put forward as objective indicator of anxiety levels. Because of individual variation, they need a baseline recording which is often conducted in neutral virtual world which does not include phobic stressors. Still because of the novelty of the virtual world, reports in the literature suggest that individuals already show some level of arousal when placed in these worlds. This paper presents two studies which look at the effect two different neutral virtual worlds can have on individuals. Findings suggest that a neutral world does not have to result in an increased level of arousal.}, keywords = {Virtual reality, exposure therapy, measurements, neutral worlds.}, url = {vuams-pubs/Busscher_2011.pdf}, author = {Busscher, Bert} } @Article { VerhoevenBVPV2011, title = {Clinical and Physiological Correlates of Irritability in Depression: Results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety}, journal = {Depression Research and Treatment}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Objective. Irritable and nonirritable depressed patients differ on demographic and clinical characteristics. We investigated whether this extends to psychological and physiological measures. Method. We compared irritable and nonirritable unipolar depressed patients on symptomatology, personality, and (psycho)physiological measures (cortisol, cholesterol, and heart rate variability). Symptomatology was reassessed after one year, and we also compared depressed patients who were irritable or non-irritable at both time points (Irr++ versus Irr\&\#8722;\&\#8722;). Results. Almost half (46\%; N = 420) of the sample was classified as irritable. These patients scored higher on depression severity, anxiety, hypomanic symptoms, and psychological variables. No differences were observed on physiological markers after correction for depression severity. The same pattern was found when comparing Irr++ and Irr-- groups. Conclusion. Irritable and non-irritable depressed patients differ on clinical and psychological variables, but not on the currently investigated physiological markers. The clinical relevance of the distinction and the significance of the hypomanic symptoms remain to be demonstrated.}, url = {vuams-pubs/Verhoeven_2011.pdf}, DOI = {10.1155/2011/126895}, author = {Verhoeven, Floor E. A. and Booij, Linda and Van der Wee, Nic J.A. and Penninx, Brenda W. H. J. and Van der Does, A. J. Willem} } @Article { FOURIERMEJT2010, title = {Guilt and pride are heartfelt, but not equally so}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2011}, volume = {48}, pages = {888-899}, abstract = {We examined the cardiovascular physiology of guilt and pride to elucidate physiological substrates underpinning the behavioral motivations of these moral emotions. Although both emotions motivate prosocial behavior, guilt typically inhibits ongoing behavior, whereas pride reinforces current behavior. To succeed in eliciting real emotions, we used a novel social interaction task. We found dissociable sympathetic activation during guilt and pride; specifically, Guilt participants experienced prolonged cardiac sympathetic arousal as measured by preejection period (PEP), whereas Pride participants experienced transient non-cardiac somatic arousal and a shift to low frequency (LF) power in the cardiac spectrogram. This dissociation supports their distinctive motivational functions. Higher self-reported Behav- ioral Inhibition System (BIS) sensitivity was furthermore uniquely associated with guilt, supporting its function as a punishment cue.}, keywords = {Moral emotions, Motivation, Sympathetic arousal, Heart rate variability, Behavioral inhibition}, url = {vuams-pubs/Fourie_2010.pdf}, publisher = {Wiley Periodicals}, DOI = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01157.x}, author = {Fourie, Melike M. and Rauch, Henri G. L. and Morgan, Barak E. and Ellis, George F. R. and Jordaan, Esme R. and Thomas, Kevin G. F.} } @Article { BusscherdLB2011, title = {Physiological measures and self-report to evaluate neutral virtual reality worlds}, journal = {Journal of CyberTherapy \& Rehabilitation}, year = {2011}, number = {4}, pages = {15-25}, abstract = {Using virtual reality technology for exposure therapy to treat patients with anxiety disorders is attracting considerable research attention. The ability to monitor patient anxiety level helps therapists to set appropriate anxiety arousing situations. Physiological measures have been put forward as objective indicators of anxiety levels. Because of individual variation, they need a baseline recording which is often conducted in neutral virtual worlds which do not include phobic stressors. Still because of the novelty of the virtual worlds, reports in the literature suggest that individuals already show some level of arousal when placed in these worlds. This paper presents two studies which look at the effect two different neutral virtual worlds can have on individuals. Findings suggest that a neutral world does not have to result in an increased level of arousal.}, keywords = {Virtual Reality, Exposure Therapy, Physiological Measurements, Neutral Worlds, Fear of Flying}, url = {vuams-pubs/B.Buscher_2011_Physiological_measures_and_self_report_to_evaluate_neutral_virtual_reality_worlds_preliminary.pdf}, author = {Busscher, Bert and de Vliegher, Daniel and Ling, Yun and Brinkman, Willem-Paul} } @Article { MorganHB2011, title = {Should Neonates Sleep Alone?}, journal = {BIOL PSYCHIATRY}, year = {2011}, number = {70}, pages = {817-825}, abstract = {Background: Maternal-neonate separation (MNS) in mammals is a model for studying the effects of stress on the development and function of physiological systems. In contrast, for humans, MNS is a Western norm and standard medical practice. However, the physiological impact of this is unknown. The physiological stress-response is orchestrated by the autonomic nervous system and heart rate variability (HRV) is a means of quantifying autonomic nervous system activity. Heart rate variability is influenced by level of arousal, which can be accurately quantified during sleep. Sleep is also essential for optimal early brain development. Methods: To investigate the impact of MNS in humans, we measured HRV in 16 2-day-old full-term neonates sleeping in skin-to-skin contact with their mothers and sleeping alone, for 1 hour in each place, before discharge from hospital. Infant behavior was observed continuously and manually recorded according to a validated scale. Cardiac interbeat intervals and continuous electrocardiogram were recorded using two independent devices. Heart rate variability (taken only from sleep states to control for level of arousal) was analyzed in the frequency domain using a wavelet method. Results: Results show a 176\% increase in autonomic activity and an 86\% decrease in quiet sleep duration during MNS compared with skin-to-skin contact. Conclusions: Maternal-neonate separation is associated with a dramatic increase in HRV power, possibly indicative of central anxious autonomic arousal. Maternal-neonate separation also had a profoundly negative impact on quiet sleep duration. Maternal separation may be a stressor the human neonate is not well-evolved to cope with and may not be benign.}, keywords = {Heart rate variability, hidden regulators, maternal-ne- onate separation, skin-to-skin contact, sleep, stress}, url = {vuams-pubs/Morgan_2011.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.018}, author = {Morgan, Barak E. and Horn, Alan R. and Bergman, Nils J.} } @Article { ComijsMvNOBBDKdPSS2012, title = {The Netherlands study of depression in older persons (NESDO); a prospective cohort study}, journal = {BMC Research Notes}, year = {2011}, volume = {4}, number = {524}, abstract = {Background: To study late-life depression and its unfavourable course and co morbidities in The Netherlands. Methods: We designed the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons (NESDO), a multi-site naturalistic prospective cohort study which makes it possible to examine the determinants, the course and the consequences of depressive disorders in older persons over a period of six years, and to compare these with those of depression earlier in adulthood. Results: From 2007 until 2010, the NESDO consortium has recruited 510 depressed and non depressed older persons (\&\#8805; 60 years) at 5 locations throughout the Netherlands. Depressed persons were recruited from both mental health care institutes and general practices in order to include persons with late-life depression in various developmental and severity stages. Non-depressed persons were recruited from general practices. The baseline assessment included written questionnaires, interviews, a medical examination, cognitive tests and collection of blood and saliva samples. Information was gathered about mental health outcomes and demographic, psychosocial, biological, cognitive and genetic determinants. The baseline NESDO sample consists of 378 depressed (according to DSM-IV criteria) and 132 non-depressed persons aged 60 through 93 years. 95\% had a major depression and 26.5\% had dysthymia. Mean age of onset of the depressive disorder was around 49 year. For 33.1\% of the depressed persons it was their first episode. 41.0\% of the depressed persons had a co morbid anxiety disorder. Follow up assessments are currently going on with 6 monthly written questionnaires and face-to-face interviews after 2 and 6 years. Conclusions: The NESDO sample offers the opportunity to study the neurobiological, psychosocial and physical determinants of depression and its long-term course in older persons. Since largely similar measures were used as in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA; age range 18-65 years), data can be pooled thus creating a large longitudinal database of clinically depressed persons with adequate power and a large set of neurobiological, psychosocial and physical variables from both younger and older depressed persons.}, url = {vuams-pubs/Comijs_2011.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/4/524}, author = {Comijs, Hannie C and Marwijk, Harm W and van der Mast, Roos C and Naarding, Paul and Oude Voshaar, Richard C and Beekman, Aartjan TF and Boshuisen, Marjolein and Dekker, Janny and Kok, Rob and de Waal, Margot WM and Penninx, Brenda WJH and Stek, Max L and Smit, Johannes H} } @Article { VriesBouwPVDVJ2011, title = {The predictive value of low heart rate and heart rate variability during stress for reoffending in delinquent male adolescents}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2011}, volume = {48}, pages = {1596-1603}, abstract = {Low autonomic (re)activity is a consistent correlate of antisocial behavior in juveniles. However, longitudinal research relating autonomic measures to persistent antisocial behavior has remained scarce. Therefore, in the present study we examined the predictive value of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV, often studied as respiratory sinus arrhythmia) for reoffending in delinquent male adolescents. At initial assessment, HR and HRV were measured at rest and in response to a public speaking task. Registered reoffending was assessed after 5-year follow-up. Attenuated HR response and stronger HRV response to stress predicted higher reoffending rates. Results provide evidence that HR/ HRV reactivity are neurobiological markers for persistent juvenile antisocial behavior. Although effect sizes were small to moderate, our findings underscore the consistency of the relationship between autonomic markers and antisocial behavior.}, keywords = {Heart rate, Behavioral medicine, Children/infants}, url = {vuams-pubs/2011_vries-bouw_delinquency_HRV.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01233.x}, author = {Vries-Bouw, Marjan, de and Popma, Arme and Vermeiren, Robert and Doreleijers, Theo A.H. and Ven, Peter M., van de and Jansen, Lucres M.C.} } @Article { DerksSVE2011, title = {The threat vs. challenge of car parking for women: How self- and group affirmation affect cardiovascular responses}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology}, year = {2011}, volume = {47}, pages = {178-183}, abstract = {This study examines cardiovascular responses indicating challenge (vs. threat) during motivated performance of women under social identity threat. Low gender identified women should primarily be concerned with their personal identity and self-worth, leading them to benefit from self-affirmation under social identity threat. Highly identified women, conversely, should care more for the value of their group and benefit more from group affirmation. Among 64 female participants social identity threat was induced by emphasizing gender differences in car-parking ability. Then, participants received an opportunity to affirm the self or the group and worked on a car-parking task. During this task, cardiovascular challenge versus threat responses were assessed according to the biopsychosocial model (Blascovich, 2008). Results confirmed predictions by showing that self-affirmation elicited cardiovascular patterns indicating challenge in low identifiers, while group affirmation elicited challenge in high identifiers. Theoretical implications for work on social identity are discussed.}, keywords = {Social identity Cardiovascular threat and challenge Group affirmation Self-affirmation Gender identification}, url = {vuams-pubs/Derks_2011.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jesp.2010.08.016}, author = {Derks, Belle and Scheepers, Daan and Van Laar, Colette and Ellemers, Naomi} } @Article { NyklicekVD2011, title = {Type D personality and cardiovascular function in daily life of people without documented cardiovascular disease}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2011}, volume = {80}, pages = {139-142}, abstract = {Type D personality, the combination of negative affectivity and social inhibition, is associated with poor prognosis in patients with ischemic heart disease. The mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to examine whether Type D personality is associated with cardiovascular function in everyday life of people without documented cardiovascular disease. Eighty-six participants (53\% women) aged 27 to 60 years who reported work-related non-cardiac health complaints were equipped with ambulatory cardiovascular monitors for 24 h measuring heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, pre-ejection period, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. With and without controlling for age, sex, educational level, body mass index, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption, mood and social contact, Type D personality was not associated with any cardiovascular measure during the day or at night (all F (1, 79) b 1.00, p N .10). When analyzed separately as continuous variables, only the social inhibition component of Type D personality showed a tendency for an association with nighttime systolic blood pressure (F (1, 78) = 3.65, p = .06, \&\#951;2 = .04). In conclusion, Type D personality generally does not seem to be associated with unfavorable cardiovascular function in daily life of people without any documented cardiovascular disease.}, keywords = {Type D personality Cardiovascular Ambulatory Heart rate variability Blood pressure}, url = {vuams-pubs/Nyklicek_2011.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.014}, author = {Nyklicek, Ivan and Vorselaars, Ad and Denollet, Johan} } @Book { BlascovichBVD2011, title = {Social Psychophysiology for Social and Personality Psychology}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The goal of this book is to provide methodological and technical information for social psychologists and other behavioral scientists who are considering using peripheral neurophysiological and endocrine measures of psychological con- structs. This volume is neither exhaustive in terms of the entire range of candidate endocrine and peripheral neurophysiological systems nor even of the range of measures within the physiological systems described. Rather, it is meant to give investigators an informed basis for determining how to validly and valuably use endocrine and peripheral physiological indexes of social psychological constructs as measures in their empirical endeavors.}, publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd}, author = {Blascovich, Jim and Berry Mendes, Wendy and Vanman, Eric and Dickerson, Sally} } @Article { PieperBvT2010, title = {Prolonged Cardiac Effects of Momentary Assessed Stressful Events and Worry Episodes}, journal = {Psychosomatic Medicine}, year = {2010}, month = {8}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, pages = {570-577}, keywords = {stressors worry prolonged activation heart rate heart rate variability}, url = {vuams-pubs/Pieper.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/content/72/6/570.short}, DOI = {10.1097/?PSY.0b013e3181dbc0e9}, author = {Pieper, Suzanne and Brosschot, Jos F. and van der Leeden, Rien and Thayer, Julian F.} } @Article { WilhelmG2010, title = {Emotions beyond the laboratory: Theoretical fundaments, study design, and analytic strategies for advanced ambulatory assessment}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, year = {2010}, month = {7}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, pages = {552–569}, keywords = {Emotion; Affective sciences; Ambulatory assessment; Ecological momentary assessment; Autonomic nervous system; Social and affective neuroscience; Anxiety; Stress; Methodology}, url = {vuams-pubs/Wilhelm.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051110000359}, DOI = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.017}, author = {Wilhelm, Frank H. and Grossman, Paul} } @Article { Brydon2010, title = {Adiposity, leptin and stress reactivity in humans}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2010}, pages = {--}, abstract = {Evidence suggests that individuals who are more obese may be more responsive to stress. Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the adipose-tissue cytokine leptin stimulates SNS activity in animals. We examined the relationship between adiposity, leptin and physiological responses to acute laboratory stress in 67 women. We predicted that individuals with greater adiposity and/or higher plasma leptin would be more stress-responsive. Adiposity was unrelated to cardiovascular or neuroendocrine stress reactivity. However, women with larger waists had greater stress-induced increases in plasma leptin and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Similarly, women with higher basal leptin displayed greater stress-induced increases in heart rate and plasma interleukin-6, and larger decreases in heart rate variability and cardiac pre-ejection period. Heightened cardiovascular and inflammatory stress responses are predictive of future cardiovascular risk. Our findings suggest that the cytokines leptin and IL-1Ra may play a role in the association between obesity, stress and cardiovascular health}, keywords = {Heart Rate, Humans, Interleukin-6, Leptin, Obesity}, url = {vuams-pubs/Brydon_2010.pdf}, address = {Psychobiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom}, author = {Brydon, L.} } @Article { Oosterman2010, title = {Autonomic reactivity in relation to attachment and early adversity among foster children}, journal = {Dev.Psychopathol.}, year = {2010}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {109--118}, abstract = {This study examined whether the quality of relationships with foster caregivers was associated with autonomic nervous system reactivity of children during separation and reunion with their foster caregiver. Moreover, effects of early adversity were examined in relation to attachment and autonomic nervous system reactivity. The sample included 60 children between 26 and 88 months of age, who participated with their primary foster caregivers in the Strange Situation. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period were measured as indicators of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system reactivity, respectively. Attachment quality (ordered/disordered and secure/insecure attachment), was coded on the basis of children's behavior in the Strange Situation using the Cassidy and Marvin coding system. Children with a background of neglect and those with disordered (disorganized-controlling or insecure-other) attachment showed most sympathetic reactivity during the procedure. Moreover, children with disordered attachment showed less vagal regulation (respiratory sinus arrhythmia decreases on separation and increases on reunion) than children with ordered attachment. The findings show that the quality of relationships with current caregivers, and to a lesser extent specific experiences of neglect, may have an impact on children's abilities to regulate emotions in the context of environmental stress and challenges}, keywords = {Adaptation,Psychological, Autonomic Nervous System, Caregivers, Child, Child Abuse, Child,Preschool, Electrocardiography, Emotions, Female, Foster Home Care, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Netherlands, Object Attachment, Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiopathology, Social Environment, Stress,Physiological, Stress,Psychological, Sympathetic Nervous System}, url = {vuams-pubs/Oosterman_2010.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.oosterman@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Oosterman, M. and De Schipper, J.C. and Fisher, P. and Dozier, M. and Schuengel, C.} } @Article { Stephens2010, title = {Autonomic specificity of basic emotions: Evidence from pattern classification and cluster analysis}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2010}, pages = {--}, abstract = {Autonomic nervous system (ANS) specificity of emotion remains controversial in contemporary emotion research, and has received mixed support over decades of investigation. This study was designed to replicate and extend psychophysiological research, which has used multivariate pattern classification analysis (PCA) in support of ANS specificity. Forty-nine undergraduates (27 women) listened to emotion-inducing music and viewed affective films while a montage of ANS variables, including heart rate variability indices, peripheral vascular activity, systolic time intervals, and electrodermal activity, were recorded. Evidence for ANS discrimination of emotion was found via PCA with 44.6\% of overall observations correctly classified into the predicted emotion conditions, using ANS variables (z=16.05, p<.001). Cluster analysis of these data indicated a lack of distinct clusters, which suggests that ANS responses to the stimuli were nomothetic and stimulus-specific rather than idiosyncratic and individual-specific. Collectively these results further confirm and extend support for the notion that basic emotions have distinct ANS signatures}, keywords = {analysis, Autonomic Nervous System, classification, Emotions, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, RATE-VARIABILITY, Research, Time, Universities, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Stephens_2010.pdf}, address = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0436, United States}, author = {Stephens, C.L. and Christie, I.C. and Friedman, B.H.} } @Article { Scarpa2010, title = {Being hot-tempered: Autonomic, emotional, and behavioral distinctions between childhood reactive and proactive aggression}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, year = {2010}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, pages = {488--496}, abstract = {Reactive aggression (RA) is an angry response to perceived provocation. Proactive aggression (PA) is a pre-meditated act used to achieve some goal. This study test hypotheses that (1) individuals high in RA and PA will differ in resting levels of autonomic arousal and (2) RA will be related to emotional and behavioral problems, while PA only to behavioral problems. Parents of 68 children (age 6-13) reported on child symptoms, reactive/proactive aggression, and behavior problems. Resting heart rate (HR), skin conductance (SC), and HR variability (HRV) were measured in 42 of the children. RA was significantly related to decreased HRV and a trend for decreased SC, while PA was significantly related to increased SC and HRV. RA was significantly related to increased internalizing behaviors and attention deficits, while PA was significantly related to increased hyperactivity/impulsivity and delinquent behavior problems. Findings support a distinction between child reactive (hot-tempered) and proactive (cold-tempered) aggression in autonomic, emotional (i.e., internalizing problems), and behavioral (i.e., attention deficits, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and delinquent behavior) functioning, and are discussed in relation to theories of antisocial behavior. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved}, keywords = {Aggression, Anger, ANTISOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, Arousal, Attention, AUTONOMIC AROUSAL, Autonomic Nervous System, Behavior problems, BOYS, Child, CHILDHOOD, CHILDREN, Heart, HEART PERIOD VARIABILITY, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, INFORMATION-PROCESSING MECHANISMS, LEVEL, METAANALYSIS, Netherlands, Parents, Proactive aggression, PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, Reactive aggression, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, SYMPTOMS, Time, VAGAL CONTROL, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Scarpa_2010.pdf}, address = {Virginia Polytech Inst \& State Univ, Dept Psychol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA Long Isl Univ, Dept Psychol, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA}, ISSN = {0301-0511}, author = {Scarpa, A. and Haden, S.C. and Tanaka, A.} } @Article { Dijk2010, title = {Cardio-metabolic risk in 5-year-old children prenatally exposed to maternal psychosocial stress: the ABCD study}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, year = {2010}, volume = {10}, pages = {251--}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent evidence, both animal and human, suggests that modifiable factors during fetal and infant development predispose for cardiovascular disease in adult life and that they may become possible future targets for prevention. One of these factors is maternal psychosocial stress, but so far, few prospective studies have been able to investigate the longer-term effects of stress in detail, i.e. effects in childhood. Therefore, our general aim is to study whether prenatal maternal psychosocial stress is associated with an adverse cardio-metabolic risk profile in the child at age five. METHODS/DESIGN: Data are available from the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) study, a prospective birth cohort in the Netherlands. Between 2003-2004, 8,266 pregnant women filled out a questionnaire including instruments to determine anxiety (STAI), pregnancy related anxiety (PRAQ), depressive symptoms (CES-D), parenting stress (PDH scale) and work stress (Job Content Questionnaire). Outcome measures in the offspring (age 5-7) are currently collected. These include lipid profile, blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, body composition (body mass index, waist circumference and bioelectrical impedance analysis), autonomic nervous system activity (parasympathetic and sympathetic measures) and blood pressure. Potential mediators are maternal serum cortisol, gestational age and birth weight for gestational age (intrauterine growth restriction). Possible gender differences in programming are also studied. DISCUSSION: Main strengths of the proposed study are the longitudinal measurements during three important periods (pregnancy, infancy and childhood), the extensive measurement of maternal psychosocial stress with validated questionnaires and the thorough measurement of the children's cardio-metabolic profile. The availability of several confounding factors will give us the opportunity to quantify the independent contribution of maternal stress during pregnancy to the cardio-metabolic risk profile of her offspring. Moreover, the mediating role of maternal cortisol, intrauterine growth, gestational age and potential gender differences can be explored extensively. If prenatal psychosocial stress is indeed found to be associated with the offspring's cardio-metabolic risk, these results support the statement that primary prevention of cardiovascular disease may start even before birth by reducing maternal stress during pregnancy}, keywords = {Adult, analysis, Anxiety, Autonomic Nervous System, Birth Weight, blood, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Composition, Body Mass Index, Child, Disease, Gestational Age, Infant, Netherlands, Pregnancy, Pressure, Prospective Studies, Questionnaires}, url = {vuams-pubs/Van_Dijk_2010.pdf}, address = {Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. a.e.vandijk@amc.uva.nl}, author = {van Dijk, A.E. and M., Van Eijsden and Stronks, K. and Gemke, R.J. and Vrijkotte, T.G.} } @Article { Thayer2010, title = {Effects of the physical work environment on physiological measures of stress}, journal = {Eur.J.Cardiovasc.Prev.Rehabil.}, year = {2010}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {431--439}, abstract = {AIMS: In this study we investigated the effects of the physical work environment on two physiological measures of the stress response. METHODS AND RESULTS: Circadian variations in vagally mediated heart rate variability (HRV) and the morning rise in cortisol were evaluated in 60 participants working in a government building either in a traditional (individual offices and old cubicles; n=40) or a modern workspace (individualized cubicles with improved views and lighting; n=20). Results revealed significant linear (B=-1.03; confidence interval: -1.05 to -1.01, P<0.05) and quadratic (B=1.001; confidence interval: 1.0004-1.002, P<0.05) trends by office type interactions for indices of vagally mediated HRV. Individuals in the old office space had flatter slopes and thus less circadian variation including less HRV at night, and a larger rise in cortisol upon awakening compared with those in the new office space. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that physical features of the work environment may affect two aspects of the physiological stress response: circadian variations in HRV and the morning rise in cortisol. These findings have important social, economic, and public health implications for work environment risk factors on health}, keywords = {Affect, Aging, Heart, Heart Rate, methods, Risk Factors}, url = {vuams-pubs/Thayer_2010.pdf}, address = {National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA}, author = {Thayer, J.F. and Verkuil, B. and Brosschot, J.F. and Kampschroer, K. and West, A. and Sterling, C. and Christie, I.C. and Abernethy, D.R. and Sollers, J.J. and Cizza, G. and Marques, A.H. and Sternberg, E.M.} } @Article { Eijgelsheim2010, title = {Genome-wide association analysis identifies multiple loci related to resting heart rate}, journal = {Hum.Mol.Genet.}, year = {2010}, volume = {19}, number = {19}, pages = {3885--3894}, abstract = {Higher resting heart rate is associated with increased cardiovascular disease and mortality risk. Though heritable factors play a substantial role in population variation, little is known about specific genetic determinants. This knowledge can impact clinical care by identifying novel factors that influence pathologic heart rate states, modulate heart rate through cardiac structure and function or by improving our understanding of the physiology of heart rate regulation. To identify common genetic variants associated with heart rate, we performed a meta-analysis of 15 genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including 38 991 subjects of European ancestry, estimating the association between age-, sex- and body mass-adjusted RR interval (inverse heart rate) and approximately 2.5 million markers. Results with P < 5 x 10(-8) were considered genome-wide significant. We constructed regression models with multiple markers to assess whether results at less stringent thresholds were likely to be truly associated with RR interval. We identified six novel associations with resting heart rate at six loci: 6q22 near GJA1; 14q12 near MYH7; 12p12 near SOX5, c12orf67, BCAT1, LRMP and CASC1; 6q22 near SLC35F1, PLN and c6orf204; 7q22 near SLC12A9 and UfSp1; and 11q12 near FADS1. Associations at 6q22 400 kb away from GJA1, at 14q12 MYH6 and at 1q32 near CD34 identified in previously published GWAS were confirmed. In aggregate, these variants explain approximately 0.7\% of RR interval variance. A multivariant regression model including 20 variants with P < 10(-5) increased the explained variance to 1.6\%, suggesting that some loci falling short of genome-wide significance are likely truly associated. Future research is warranted to elucidate underlying mechanisms that may impact clinical care}, keywords = {analysis, Disease, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, MULTIPLE, physiology, regression, Research, Risk, WHETHER, Work}, url = {vuams-pubs/Eijgelsheim_2010.pdf}, address = {These authors contributed equally to this work}, author = {Eijgelsheim, M. and Newton-Cheh, C. and Sotoodehnia, N. and de Bakker, P.I. and Muller, M. and Morrison, A.C. and Smith, A.V. and Isaacs, A. and Sanna, S. and Dorr, M. and Navarro, P. and Fuchsberger, C. and Nolte, I.M. and De Geus, E.J. and Estrada, K. and Hwang, S.J. and Bis, J.C. and Ruckert, I.M. and Alonso, A. and Launer, L.J. and Hottenga, J.J. and Rivadeneira, F. and Noseworthy, P.A. and Rice, K.M. and Perz, S. and Arking, D.E. and Spector, T.D. and Kors, J.A. and Aulchenko, Y.S. and Tarasov, K.V. and Homuth, G. and Wild, S.H. and Marroni, F. and Gieger, C. and Licht, C.M. and Prineas, R.J. and Hofman, A. and Rotter, J.I. and Hicks, A.A. and Ernst, F. and Najjar, S.S. and Wright, A.F. and Peters, A. and Fox, E.R. and Oostra, B.A. and Kroemer, H.K. and Couper, D. and Volzke, H. and Campbell, H. and Meitinger, T. and Uda, M. and Witteman, J.C. and Psaty, B.M. and Wichmann, H.E. and Harris, T.B. and Kaab, S. and Siscovick, D.S. and Jamshidi, Y. and Uitterlinden, A.G. and Folsom, A.R. and Larson, M.G. and Wilson, J.F. and Penninx, B.W. and Snieder, H. and Pramstaller, P.P. and van Duijn, C.M. and Lakatta, E.G. and Felix, S.B. and Gudnason, V. and Pfeufer, A. and Heckbert, S.R. and Stricker, B.H. and Boerwinkle, E. and O'Donnell, C.J.} } @Article { Luman2010, title = {Impaired decision making in oppositional defiant disorder related to altered psychophysiological responses to reinforcement}, journal = {Biol.Psychiatry}, year = {2010}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {337--344}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: When making decisions, children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) are thought to focus on reward and ignore penalty. This is suggested to be associated with a state of low psychophysiological arousal. METHODS: This study investigates decision making in 18 children with oppositional defiant disorder and 24 typically developing control subjects. Children were required to choose between three alternatives that carried either frequent small rewards and occasional small penalties (advantageous), frequent large rewards and increasing penalties (seductive), or frequent small rewards and increasing penalties (disadvantageous). Penalties in the seductive and disadvantageous alternatives increased either in frequency or magnitude in two conditions. Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance responses to reinforcement were obtained. RESULTS: In the magnitude condition, children with ODD showed an increased preference for the seductive alternative (carrying large rewards); this was not observed in the frequency condition. Children with ODD, compared with typically developing children, displayed greater HR reactivity to reward (more HR deceleration) and smaller HR reactivity to penalty. Correlation analyses showed that decreased HR responses to penalty were related to an increased preference for large rewards. No group differences were observed in skin conductance responses to reward or penalty. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that an increased preference for large rewards in children with ODD is related to a reduced cardiac reactivity to aversive stimuli. This confirms notions of impaired decision making and altered reinforcement sensitivity in children with ODD and adds to the literature linking altered autonomic control to antisocial behavior}, keywords = {Arousal, Decision Making, DISORDER, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, methods, Netherlands, Reward}, url = {vuams-pubs/Luman_2010.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.luman@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Luman, M. and Sergeant, J.A. and Knol, D.L. and Oosterlaan, J.} } @Article { Licht2010a, title = {Increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity rather than changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity is associated with metabolic abnormalities}, journal = {J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab}, year = {2010}, volume = {95}, number = {5}, pages = {2458--2466}, abstract = {CONTEXT: Stress is suggested to lead to metabolic dysregulations as clustered in the metabolic syndrome, but the underlying biological mechanisms are not yet well understood. OBJECTIVE: We examined the relationship between two main str systems, the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, with the metabolic syndrome and its components. DESIGN: The design was baseline data (yr 2004-2007) of a prospective cohort: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). SETTING: The study comprised general community, primary care, and specialized mental health care. PARTICIPANTS: This study included 1883 participants aged 18-65 yr. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Autonomic nervous system measures included heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; high RSA reflecting high parasympathetic activity), and preejection period (PEP; high PEP reflecting low sympathetic activity). HPA axis measures included the cortisol awakening response, evening cortisol, and a 0.5 mg dexamethasone suppression test as measured in saliva. Metabolic syndrome was based on the updated Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and included high waist circumference, serum triglycerides, blood pressure, serum glucose, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. RESULTS: RSA and PEP were both independently negatively associated with the presence of the metabolic syndrome, the number of metabolic dysregulations as well as all individual components except high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all P < 0.02). Heart rate was positively related to the metabolic syndrome, the number of metabolic dysregulations, and all individual components (all P < 0.001). HPA axis measures were not related to metabolic syndrome or its components. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic nervous system activity is associated with metabolic syndrome, whereas HPA axis activity is not}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Arrhythmias,Cardiac, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD-PRESSURE, Body Size, Cholesterol,HDL, COHORT, Depression, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Metabolic Syndrome X, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Patient Selection, physiology, physiopathology, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Pressure, Research, Saliva, Triglycerides, Young Adult}, url = {vuams-pubs/Licht_2010_JCEM.pdf}, address = {Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, AJ Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.licht@vumc.nl}, author = {Licht, C.M. and Vreeburg, S.A. and van Reedt Dortland, A.K. and Giltay, E.J. and Hoogendijk, W.J. and De Rijk, R.H. and Vogelzangs, N. and Zitman, F.G. and De Geus, E.J. and Penninx, B.W.} } @Article { Licht2010, title = {Longitudinal Evidence for Unfavorable Effects of Antidepressants on Heart Rate Variability}, journal = {Biol.Psychiatry}, year = {2010}, pages = {--}, abstract = {BACKGROUND:: It was previously shown that antidepressants are associated with diminished vagal control over the heart. Longitudinal studies are needed to test the causality of this association further. METHODS:: Longitudinal data were obtained in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. At baseline and at 2-year follow-up, heart rate and cardiac vagal control as indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia were measured in 2114 subjects (mean age = 42.0 years; 66.2\% female), who either used antidepressants at one or two time points (n = 603) or did not use antidepressants at any time point (n = 1511). Linear mixed-model analyses were conducted to compare changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia and heart rate over time across antidepressant-naive subjects, subjects who started using an antidepressant during follow-up, subjects who stopped using an antidepressant, and persistent antidepressant users. Analyses were adjusted for demographics, health, and lifestyle factors. RESULTS:: Compared with continuous nonusers, subjects who started the use of a tricyclic antidepressant or a serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressant showed a significantly greater increase in heart rate and a decrease of respiratory sinus arrhythmia at 2 years. Subjects who started the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors also showed a decrease in respiratory sinus arrhythmia, but their heart rate did not increase. Discontinuing antidepressants systematically caused opposite effects; levels returned in the direction of those observed among nonusers. CONCLUSIONS:: These 2-year longitudinal results indicate that all antidepressants cause a decrease in cardiac vagal control. After discontinuing antidepressants, autonomic function recovers, suggesting that the unfavorable effects are (partly) reversible}, keywords = {antidepressant, ANTIDEPRESSANTS, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, LEVEL, Longitudinal Studies, methods, Netherlands, psychiatry, RATE-VARIABILITY, Research, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, Time, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Licht_2010.pdf}, address = {Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Univwersity Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, author = {Licht, C.M. and De Geus, E.J. and Dyck, R.V. and Penninx, B.W.} } @Article { Out2010, title = {Physiological reactivity to infant crying: a behavioral genetic study}, journal = {Genes Brain Behav.}, year = {2010}, pages = {--}, abstract = {In this study, we examined adults' cardiac reactivity to repeated infant cry sounds in a genetically informative design. Three episodes of cry stimuli were presented to a sample of 184 adult twin pairs. Cardiac reactivity increased with each cry episode, indicating that subjects were increasingly sensitized to repeated infant distress signals. Non-parents showed more cardiac reactivity than parents, and males displayed a larger increase in heart rate (HR) in response to repeated cry sounds than females. Multivariate genetic modeling showed that the genetic component of adults' HR while listening to infant crying was substantial. Genetic factors explained 37-51\% of the variance in HR and similar genes influenced HR at baseline and HR reactivity to infant crying. The remaining variance in HR across the cry paradigm was accounted for by unique environmental influences (including measurement error). These results point to genetic and experiential effects on HR reactivity to infant crying that may contribute to the explanation of variance in sensitive and harsh parenting}, keywords = {Adult, Child, Crying, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Infant, Male, Netherlands, Parents}, url = {vuams-pubs/Out_2010.pdf}, address = {Institute of Education and Child Studies, Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands}, author = {Out, D. and Pieper, S. and Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. and van Ijzendoorn, M.H.} } @Article { Busscher2010, title = {Physiological reactivity to phobic stimuli in people with fear of flying}, journal = {Journal of Psychosomatic Research}, year = {2010}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, pages = {309--317}, abstract = {Objective: The nature of the relationship between physiological and subjective responses in phobic subjects remains unclear. Phobics have been thought to be characterized by a heightened physiological response (physiological perspective) or by a heightened perception of a normal physiological response (psychological perspective). Method: In this study, we examined subjective measures of anxiety, heart rate (HR), and cardiac autonomic responses to flight-related stimuli in 127 people who applied for fear-of-flying therapy at a specialized treatment center and in 36 controls without aviophobia. Results: In keeping with the psychological perspective, we found a large increase in subjective distress (eta(2)=.43) during exposure to flight-related stimuli in the phobics and no change in subjective distress in the controls, whereas the physiological responses of both groups were indiscriminate. However, in keeping with the physiological perspective, we found that, within the group of phobics, increases in subjective fear during exposure were moderately strong coupled to HR (r=.208, P=.022) and cardiac vagal P=.028) reactivity. In contrast to predictions by the psychological perspective, anxiety sensitivity did not modulate this coupling. Conclusion: We conclude that subjective fear responses and autonomic responses are only loosely coupled during mildly threatening exposure to flight-related stimuli. More ecologically valid exposure to phobic stimuli may be needed to test the predictions from the physiological and psychological perspectives. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved}, keywords = {Anxiety, Anxiety sensitivity, Aviophobics, Flight phobia, FLIGHT PHOBICS, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, IMPEDANCE CARDIOGRAPHY, INTEROCEPTIVE AWARENESS, Netherlands, PANIC DISORDER, Pre-ejection period (PEP), RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), SECRETORY IMMUNITY, SELF-REPORT, therapy, Time, TREATMENT PROGRAMS}, url = {vuams-pubs/Busscher_2009.pdf}, address = {VALK Fdn, NL-2300 AC Leiden, Netherlands Leiden Univ, Dept Clin Hlth \& Neuropsychol, Leiden, Netherlands Leiden Univ, Dept Psychiat, Med Ctr, Leiden, Netherlands Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Biol Psychol, Amsterdam, Netherlands}, ISSN = {0022-3999}, author = {Busscher, B. and van Gerwen, L.J. and Spinhoven, P. and de Geus, E.J.C.} } @Article { BusscherGSd2010, title = {Physiological reactivity to phobic stimuli in people with fear of flying}, journal = {Journal of Psychosomatic Research}, year = {2010}, number = {69}, pages = {309-317}, abstract = {Objective: The nature of the relationship between physiological and subjective responses in phobic subjects remains unclear. Phobics have been thought to be characterized by a heightened physiological response (physiological perspective) or by a heightened perception of a normal physiological response (psychological perspective). Method: In this study, we examined subjective measures of anxiety, heart rate (HR), and cardiac autonomic responses to flight-related stimuli in 127 people who applied for fear-of-flying therapy at a specialized treatment center and in 36 controls without aviophobia. Results: In keeping with the psychological perspective, we found a large increase in subjective distress (\&\#951;2=.43) during exposure to flight-related stimuli in the phobics and no change in subjective distress in the controls, whereas the physiological responses of both groups were indiscriminate. However, in keeping with the physiological perspective, we found that, within the group of phobics, increases in subjective fear during exposure were moderately strong coupled to HR (r=.208, P=.022) and cardiac vagal (r=.199, P=.028) reactivity. In contrast to predictions by the psychological perspective, anxiety sensitivity did not modulate this coupling. Conclusion: We conclude that subjective fear responses and autonomic responses are only loosely coupled during mildly threatening exposure to flight-related stimuli. More ecologically valid exposure to phobic stimuli may be needed to test the predictions from the physiological and psychological perspectives.}, keywords = {Flight phobia; Aviophobics; Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA); Pre-ejection period (PEP); Anxiety sensitivity}, url = {vuams-pubs/Busscher_JPR_2010.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.12.005}, author = {Busscher, Bert and Gerwen, Lucas J. and Spinhoven, Philip and de Geus, Eco J.C.} } @Article { TaelmanVWBOVV2010, title = {Stress during Pregnancy: Is the Autonomic Nervous System Influenced by Anxiety?}, journal = {Computing in Cardiology}, year = {2010}, pages = {725-728}, abstract = {The goal of this study was to investigate whether anx- iety during pregnancy can be linked with the autonomic nervous system (ANS) via different heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. More than 100 pregnant women were included and underwent 24h ECG monitoring including a stress test and the state trait anxiety inventory (STAI) ques- tionnaire, dividing them in a low, medium or high anxi- ety group. Standard time and frequency domain and non- linear HRV parameters were calculated to describe self- similarity, complexity and chaotic signatures. Almost all HRV parameters were negatively correlated with the anx- iety level, though not statistically significant, except the chaos level. Positive correlations were found for detrended fluctuation analysis and sympathetic activity parameters. Most of the significant between-group differences were found between the low and medium anxiety groups. To conclude, the ANS modulation is slightly influenced by the anxiety level, but not as strongly as hypothesized before.}, keywords = {Chaos , Correlation , Hafnium , Heart rate variability , Pregnancy , Psychology , Stress}, url = {vuams-pubs/Taelman_2011.pdf}, ISSN = {0276-6547}, author = {Taelman, Joachim and Vandeput, Steven and Widjaja, Devy and Braeken, Marijke AKA and Otte, Renee A and Van den Bergh, Bea RH and Van Huffel, Sabine} } @Article { vanEijsdenVGv2010, title = {The Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) study}, journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology}, year = {2010}, keywords = {Pregnancy, Infant, Child}, url = {vuams-pubs/Eijsden_2010.pdf}, author = {van Eijsden, M and Vrijkotte, TGM and Gemke, RJBJ and van der Wal, MF} } @Article { Houtveen2010, title = {Using multilevel path analysis in analyzing 24-h ambulatory physiological recordings applied to medically unexplained symptoms}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2010}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {570--578}, abstract = {A non-clinical group high on heterogeneous medically unexplained symptoms (MUS; n=97) was compared with healthy controls (n=66) on the within-subject relationships between physiological measures using multilevel path analysis. Momentary experienced somatic complaints, mood (tension and depression), cardiac autonomic activity (inter-beat intervals, pre-ejection period (PEP), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)) and respiration (rate and partial pressure of CO(2) at the end of a normal expiration) were monitored for 24 h using electronic diary and ambulatory devices. Relationships between measures were controlled for diurnal variation and individual means. Only subtle group differences were found in the diurnal rhythm and in the within-subject relationships between physiological measures. For participants high on MUS, within-subject changes in bodily symptoms were related to changes in mood, but only marginally to the physiological measures. Results of the current path analysis confirm the subordinate role of cardiac autonomic and respiratory parameters in MUS}, keywords = {Adult, Affect, Algorithms, Autonomic Nervous System, Cardiography,Impedance, Circadian Rhythm, Data Interpretation,Statistical, Disease, Electroencephalography, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Monitoring,Ambulatory, Motor Activity, physiology, physiopathology, Pressure, psychology, Respiration, Respiratory Physiological Phenomena, statistics \& numerical data, Stress,Psychological}, url = {vuams-pubs/Houtveen_2010.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.h.houtveen@uu.nl}, author = {Houtveen, J.H. and Hamaker, E.L. and Van Doornen, L.J.} } @Phdthesis { Riddel2010, title = {CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE AND PROGENITOR CELL MOBILIZATION DURING ACUTE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND BETA- ADRENERGIC STIMULATION}, year = {2010}, abstract = {This thesis investigated the effect of acute psychological stress and -adrenergic receptor ( AR) stimulation on the mobilization of CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD8TLs) and progenitor cell (PC) populations. Chapter 2 demonstrated that CD8TL stress- and AR- sensitivity increases in parallel with greater effector functions and cell differentiation. As Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection influences CD8TL differentiation, Chapter 3 compared the mobilization of cytotoxic lymphocytes in CMV seropositive and seronegative individuals; CMV infection enhanced the stress reactivity of CD8TLs, CD4TLs and NKT-like cells. Chapter 4 examined whether antigen-specificity could modulate CD8TL stress- and AR-sensitivity. CMV-specific cells demonstrated enhanced mobilization compared to the total-memory CD8TL and the total Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) population. In Chapter 5, we demonstrated that PC subsets, capable of both replenishing leukocyte populations and maintaining endothelial integrity, were also mobilized by acute psychological stress. This result was not replicated by AR- agonist infusion suggesting the involvement of AR or non-adrenergic mechanism. In sum, the current findings suggest that stress mobilization serves to protect the host by increasing immune protection and tissue repair mechanisms. However, such a response may also be detrimental dependent on the circumstance, i.e., infection versus inflammation.}, url = {vuams-pubs/PhD_Riddel__2010.pdf}, school = {School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham}, author = {Riddel, Natalie E.} } @Phdthesis { Walker2010, title = {PREDICTING TEAM WORKLOAD AND PERFORMANCE USING TEAM AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The development of a team measure of autonomic activity has a wide variety of applications. During team training, an index of team autonomic activity could potentially have added value for real-time feedback, team selection and performance evaluation. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between autonomic activity measures, workload, and performance, on both an individual and team level. Specifically, this study sought to determine whether changes in workload could be detected in measures of autonomic activity and whether changes in the autonomic measures related to changes in performance. 34 teams of two (35 males, 33 females) completed a processing plant simulation during 4 varying levels of individual and team difficulty. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity was measured throughout the task using an electrocardiogram (ECG) and an impedance cardiogram (ICG), in addition to the NASA-TLX. SNS and PNS measures were combined to produce a team autonomic activity measure that was used to predict team workload and performance. Results showed that workload and performance varied across the task difficulty levels with higher difficulty producing higher workload and worse performance. Regressions conducted predicting team performance from team autonomic activity showed that team autonomic activity accounted for 10\% of the variance in team performance scores. Further exploratory analyses showed interesting relations between autonomic activity and performance when examining the task difficulty levels separately. These analyses discovered that during the mixed individual difficulty levels, one team member's physiology was consistently correlated with the other team member's performance. In conclusion, the current study showed that team performance can be predicted from team autonomic activity, and that individual team member physiology has the potential to provide an index of team related behaviors (e.g. mutual performance monitoring and back-up behaviors).}, url = {vuams-pubs/PhD_Walker_clemson_2010.pdf}, school = {Clemson University}, author = {Walker, Alexander D} } @Article { OveisCGSHK2009, title = {Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia is associated with tonic positive emotionality.}, journal = {Emotion}, year = {2009}, month = {4}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {265-270}, abstract = {Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSAREST) indexes important aspects of individual differences in emotionality. In the present investigation, the authors address whether RSAREST is associated with tonic positive or negative emotionality, and whether RSAREST relates to phasic emotional responding to discrete positive emotion-eliciting stimuli. Across an 8-month, multiassessment study of first-year university students (n = 80), individual differences in RSAREST were associated with positive but not negative tonic emotionality, assessed at the level of personality traits, long-term moods, the disposition toward optimism, and baseline reports of current emotional states. RSAREST was not related to increased positive emotion, or stimulus-specific emotion, in response to compassion-, awe-, or pride-inducing stimuli. These findings suggest that resting RSA indexes aspects of a person's tonic positive emotionality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)}, url = {vuams-pubs/Oveis.pdf}, web_url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/emo/9/2/265/}, DOI = {10.1037/a0015383}, author = {Oveis, Christopher and Cohen, Adam B. and Gruber, June and Shiota, Michelle N. and Haidt, Jonathan and Keltner, Dacher} } @Article { Bosch2009, title = {A general enhancement of autonomic and cortisol responses during social evaluative threat}, journal = {Psychosom.Med.}, year = {2009}, volume = {71}, number = {8}, pages = {877--885}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the Social Self Preservation Theory, which predicts that stressors involving social evaluative threat (SET) characteristically activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The idea that distinct psychosocial factors may underlie specific patterns of neuroendocrine stress responses has been a topic of recurrent debate. METHODS: Sixty-one healthy university students (n = 31 females) performed a challenging speech task in one of three conditions that aimed to impose increasing levels of SET: performing the task alone (no social evaluation), with one evaluating observer, or with four evaluating observers. Indices of sympathetic (preejection period) and parasympathetic (heart rate variability) cardiac drive were obtained by impedance- and electrocardiography. Salivary cortisol was used to index HPA activity. Questionnaires assessed affective responses. RESULTS: Affective responses (shame/embarrassment, anxiety, negative affect, and self-esteem), cortisol, heart rate, sympathetic and parasympathetic activation all differentiated evaluative from nonevaluative task conditions (p < .001). The largest effect sizes were observed for cardiac autonomic responses. Physiological reactivity increased in parallel with increasing audience size (p < .001). An increase in cortisol was predicted by sympathetic activation during the task (p < .001), but not by affective responses. CONCLUSION: It would seem that SET determines the magnitude, rather than the pattern, of physiological activation. This potential to perturb broadly multiple physiological systems may help explain why social stress has been associated with a range of health outcomes. We propose a threshold-activation model as a physiological explanation for why engaging stressors, such as those involving social evaluation or uncontrollability, may seem to induce selectively cortisol release}, keywords = {Adult, Affect, analysis, Anxiety, Autonomic Nervous System, Blood Pressure, Cardiography,Impedance, chemistry, Drive, Electrocardiography, Exercise, Female, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Interpersonal Relations, LEVEL, Life Change Events, methods, MULTIPLE, physiology, Pituitary-Adrenal System, psychology, Questionnaires, RATE-VARIABILITY, Research, Saliva, secretion, Self Concept, Shame, Speech, Stress, Stress,Psychological, Students, Universities, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Bosch_2009.pdf}, address = {School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. j.a.bosch@bham.ac.uk}, author = {Bosch, J.A. and De Geus, E.J. and Carroll, D. and Goedhart, A.D. and Anane, L.A. and van Zanten, J.J. and Helmerhorst, E.J. and Edwards, K.M.} } @Article { Licht2009, title = {Association between anxiety disorders and heart rate variability in The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)}, journal = {Psychosom.Med.}, year = {2009}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, pages = {508--518}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients with different types of anxiety disorder (panic disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder) have higher heart rate and lower heart rate variability compared with healthy controls in a sample that was sufficiently powered to examine the confounding effects of lifestyle and antidepressants. METHODS: The standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), heart rate (HR), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were measured in 2059 subjects (mean age = 41.7 years, 66.8\% female) participating in The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) and Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), NESDA participants were classified as healthy controls (n = 616), subjects with an anxiety diagnosis earlier in life (n = 420), and subjects with current anxiety diagnosis (n = 1059). RESULTS: Current anxious subjects had a significantly lower SDNN and RSA compared with controls. RSA was also significantly lower in remitted anxious subjects compared with controls. These associations were similar across the three different types of anxiety disorders. Adjustment for lifestyle had little impact. However, additional adjustment for antidepressant use reduced all significant associations between anxiety and HRV to nonsignificant. Anxious subjects who used a tricyclic antidepressant, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, or another antidepressant showed significantly lower mean SDNN and RSA compared with controls (effect sizes = 0.20-0.80 for SDNN and 0.42-0.79 for RSA). Nonmedicated anxious subjects did not differ from controls in mean SDNN and RSA. CONCLUSION: This study shows that anxiety disorders are associated with significantly lower HR variability, but the association seems to be driven by the effects of antidepressants}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, agents, antidepressant, ANTIDEPRESSANTS, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Arrhythmia,Sinus, Arrhythmias,Cardiac, Comorbidity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder,Major, diagnosis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DISORDER, DISORDERS, drug therapy, Electrocardiography, epidemiology, Female, GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER, Health Status, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders, methods, Middle Aged, Netherlands, panic, PANIC DISORDER, Phobic Disorders, physiology, physiopathology, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, psychiatry, psychology, Questionnaires, RATE-VARIABILITY, Research, Respiration, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, therapeutic use, Universities, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, WHETHER}, url = {vuams-pubs/Licht_2009.pdf}, address = {Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center, AJ Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. C.Licht@vumc.nl}, author = {Licht, C.M. and De Geus, E.J. and Dyck R., van and Penninx, B.W.} } @Article { Doornen2009, title = {Burnout versus work engagement in their effects on 24-hour ambulatory monitored cardiac autonomic function}, journal = {Stress and Health}, year = {2009}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {323--331}, abstract = {Burnout has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This relationship may be mediated by a stress-related disruption in cardiac autonomic activity. The aim of the present study was to assess cardiac autonomic activity (sympathetic and parasympathetic) during a working day in burned out managers. Thirty burned out, 29 healthy control and 29 engaged managers (a psychologically contrasting group) were identified using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Twenty-four-bour ambulatory measurements were carried out during a regular workday and the subsequent night. Pre-ejection period (PEP) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were used as measures of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, respectively. Contrary to expectations, the burned out, engaged and control groups did not differ in cardiac sympathetic and cardiac parasympathetic activity, or heart rate. Thus, burnout does not seem to be associated with an unfavourable cardiac autonomic profile. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}, keywords = {BLOOD-PRESSURE, burnout, cardiovascular, CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE RISK, Disease, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, JOB STRAIN, MASLACH BURNOUT, Netherlands, parasympathetic activity, POSITIVE AFFECT, pre-ejection period, pre-ejection-period (PEP), RESEARCH DIRECTIONS, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), Risk, Stress, Time, VAGAL CONTROL, VITAL EXHAUSTION, Work, work engagement}, url = {vuams-pubs/van_Doornen_2009.pdf}, address = {Univ Utrecht, Dept Clin \& Hlth Psychol, Res Sch Psychol \& Hlth, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands Univ Utrecht, Dept Psychol, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands Erasmus Univ, Inst Psychol, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands ArboNed Utrecht, Utrecht, Net}, ISSN = {1532-3005}, author = {van Doornen, L.J.P. and Houtveen, J.H. and Langelaan, S. and Bakker, A.B. and van Rhenen, W. and Schaufeli, W.B.} } @Article { Schuengel2009, title = {Children with disrupted attachment histories: interventions and psychophysiological indices of effects}, journal = {Child Adolesc.Psychiatry Ment.Health}, year = {2009}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {26--}, abstract = {Diagnosis and treatment of children affected by disruptions of attachment (out of home placement, multiple changes of primary caregiver) is an area of considerable controversy. The possible contribution of psychobiological theories is discussed in three parts. The first part relates the attachment theoretical perspective to major psychobiological theories on the developmental associations of parent-child relationships and emotional response. The second part reviews studies of autonomic reactivity and HPA-axis activity with foster children, showing that foster children show more reactivity within physiological systems facilitating fight or flight behaviours rather than social engagement, especially foster children with atypical attachment behaviour. The third part is focused on treatment of children suffering from the consequences of disrupted attachment, based on a psychotherapy study with psychophysiological outcome measures. Implications are discussed for theory, diagnosis, and intervention}, keywords = {ATTACHMENT, Child, CHILDREN, diagnosis, MULTIPLE, Netherlands, Universities}, url = {vuams-pubs/Oosterman_2009.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.schuengel@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Schuengel, C. and Oosterman, M. and Sterkenburg, P.S.} } @Article { Licht2009a, title = {Depression is associated with decreased blood pressure, but antidepressant use increases the risk for hypertension}, journal = {Hypertension}, year = {2009}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {631--638}, abstract = {The present study compared blood pressure levels between subjects with clinical anxiety and depressive disorders with healthy controls. Cross-sectional data were obtained in a large cohort study, the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (N=2981). Participants were classified as controls (N=590) or currently or remittedly depressed or anxious subjects (N=2028), of which 1384 were not and 644 were using antidepressants. Regression analyses calculated the contributions of anxiety and depressive disorders and antidepressant use to diastolic and systolic blood pressures, after controlling for multiple covariates. Heart rate and heart rate variability measures were subsequently added to test whether effects of anxiety/depression or medication were mediated by vagal control over the heart. Higher mean diastolic blood pressure was found among the current anxious subjects (beta=0.932; P=0.03), although anxiety was not significantly related to hypertension risk. Remitted and current depressed subjects had a lower mean systolic blood pressure (beta=-1.74, P=0.04 and beta=-2.35, P=0.004, respectively) and were significantly less likely to have isolated systolic hypertension than controls. Users of tricyclic antidepressants had higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures and were more likely to have hypertension stage 1 (odds ratio: 1.90; 95\% CI: 0.94 to 3.84; P=0.07) and stage 2 (odds ratio: 3.19; 95\% CI: 1.35 to 7.59; P=0.008). Users of noradrenergic and serotonergic working antidepressants were more likely to have hypertension stage 1. This study shows that depressive disorder is associated with low systolic blood pressure and less hypertension, whereas the use of certain antidepressants is associated with both high diastolic and systolic blood pressures and hypertension}, keywords = {administration \& dosage, Adolescent, Adult, adverse effects, Aged, agents, antidepressant, ANTIDEPRESSANTS, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD PRESSURES, BLOOD-PRESSURE, COHORT, Cohort Studies, cross-sectional, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, DISORDER, DISORDERS, drug effects, drug therapy, epidemiology, Female, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, Hypertension, ISOLATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION, LEVEL, Linear Models, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, MULTIPLE, Netherlands, Odds Ratio, Pressure, Prevalence, psychiatry, RATE-VARIABILITY, RATIO, regression, Research, Risk, Risk Factors, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, WHETHER, Young Adult}, url = {vuams-pubs/Licht_2009_Hypertension.pdf}, address = {Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, AJ Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. C.Licht@vumc.nl}, author = {Licht, C.M. and De Geus, E.J. and Seldenrijk, A. and Hout H.P., van and Zitman, F.G. and van Dyck, R. and Penninx, B.W.} } @Article { Beer2009, title = {Early growth patterns and cardiometabolic function at the age of 5 in a multiethnic birth cohort: the ABCD study}, journal = {BMC Pediatr.}, year = {2009}, volume = {9}, pages = {23--}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The relation between fetal growth retardation and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in later life has been demonstrated in many studies. However, debate exists around the potential independent role of postnatal growth acceleration. Furthermore, it is unknown whether a potential effect of growth acceleration on cardiovascular and metabolic function is confined to certain time frames.The present study assesses the (predictive) role of prenatal and postnatal growth on 5 components of cardiovascular and metabolic function in children aged 5. The potential association of timing of postnatal growth acceleration with these outcomes will be explored. METHODS AND DESIGN: Prospective multiethnic community-based cohort study of 8266 pregnancies (Amsterdam Born Children and their Development, ABCD study). Up till now, anthropometry of 5104 children from the original cohort was followed during the first 5 years of life, with additional information about birth weight, pregnancy duration, and various potential confounding variables.At age 5, various components of cardiovascular and metabolic function are being measured. Outcome variables are body size, body composition and fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, blood pressure and autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function. DISCUSSION: This study will be one of the first population-based prospective cohort studies to address the association between measures of both prenatal and postnatal growth and various components of cardiovascular and metabolic function. Specific attention is paid to the timing of acceleration in growth and its potential association with the outcome variables. Importantly, the longitudinal design of this study gives us the opportunity to gain more insight into growth trajectories associated with adverse outcomes in later life. If identified as an independent risk factor, this provides further basis for the hypothesis that accelerated growth during the first years of life is a modifiable factor for the prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in later life. Moreover, identification of specific vulnerable periods during development may reveal suitable time frames for early interventions}, keywords = {Anthropometry, Birth Weight, blood, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Composition, Body Mass Index, Body Size, Cardiovascular System, Child Development, Child,Preschool, Female, Fetal Development, Follow-Up Studies, Gestational Age, Humans, Lipids, Male, metabolism, physiology, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies}, url = {vuams-pubs/DeBeer_2009.pdf}, address = {Department of Pediatrics, EMGO Institute, Institute for Cardiovascular Research VU, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. M.deBeer@vumc.nl}, author = {de Beer, M. and Van Eijsden, M. and Vrijkotte, T.G. and Gemke, R.J.} } @Article { Graham2009, title = {Habitual traffic noise at home reduces cardiac parasympathetic tone during sleep}, journal = {Int.J.Psychophysiol.}, year = {2009}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, pages = {179--186}, abstract = {The relationships between road and rail traffic noise with pre-ejection period (PEP) and with respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during sleep, as indices of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system tone, were investigated in the field (36 subjects, with 188 and 192 valid subject nights for PEP and RSA, respectively). Two analyses were conducted. The first analysis investigated the overall relationships across the entire sleep period. A second analysis investigated differences in the relationships between the first and second halves of the sleep period. Separate multilevel linear regression models for PEP and RSA were employed. Potential covariates for each model were selected from the same pool of variables, which included: gender, age, body-mass index, education level, traffic noise source type, intake of medication, caffeine, alcohol and cigarette smoke, and hindrance during sleep due to the ambulatory recordings. RSA models were adjusted for respiration rate. Mean indoor traffic noise exposure was negatively related to mean RSA during the sleep period, specifically during the second half of the sleep period. Both respiration rate and age were negatively associated with RSA. No significant relationships were observed for PEP. The results indicate that higher indoor traffic noise exposure levels may lead to cardiac parasympathetic withdrawal during sleep, specifically during the second half of the sleep period. No effect of indoor traffic noise on cardiac sympathetic tone was observed}, keywords = {Adaptation,Physiological, Adolescent, Adult, adverse effects, Arrhythmia,Sinus, Body Mass Index, Electrocardiography, Female, Humans, Male, methods, Middle Aged, Myocardial Contraction, Noise,Transportation, Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology, physiopathology, Respiration, Sex Factors, Sleep, Time Factors, Young Adult}, url = {vuams-pubs/Graham_2009.pdf}, address = {Department of Environment and Health, TNO Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Delft, The Netherlands. jamie.graham@tno.nl}, author = {Graham, J.M. and Janssen, S.A. and Vos, H. and Miedema, H.M.} } @Article { Posthumus2009, title = {Heart rate and skin conductance in four-year-old children with aggressive behavior}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2009}, volume = {82}, number = {2}, pages = {164--168}, abstract = {Autonomic underarousal, indicated by low heart rate (HR) and skin conductance level (SCL), is related to childhood aggression. However, results are inconsistent in preschoolers. We assessed HR, SCL, heart rate reactivity and skin conductance reactivity in four-year-old children. Comparisons were made between children with a high level and with a low level of aggressive behavior according to the Child Behavior Checklist 1 1/2-5 as well as between children who were diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder (ODD/CD) and children with a low level of aggression. Preschool children with a high level of aggressive behavior showed lower SCL and SCR and children with ODD/CD showed lower SCL. In contrast, we did not find lower HR and HRR in preschool children with a high level of aggressive behavior or ODD/CD. Thus, results suggest that decreased SCL, but not HR, is a characteristic of preschool children with aggressive behavior or ODD/CD}, keywords = {Adolescent, Aggression, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Child, Child,Preschool, Conduct Disorder, diagnosis, Electrocardiography, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, methods, Netherlands, physiology, physiopathology, Psychophysics}, url = {vuams-pubs/Posthumus_2009.pdf}, address = {Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands}, author = {Posthumus, J.A. and Bocker, K.B. and Raaijmakers, M.A. and H., Van Engeland and Matthys, W.} } @Article { Vella2009, title = {Hostility and anger in: Cardiovascular reactivity and recovery to mental arithmetic stress}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2009}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, pages = {253--259}, abstract = {Background: Hostility and anger have been attributed as psychosocial risk factors for coronary heart disease. Heightened cardiovascular reactivity (CVR), and poor recovery, to provocative stressors are thought to hasten this risk. Purpose: To examine the relationship between hostility and anger inhibition (M), and the moderating situational influences of harassment and evaluation, in predicting CVR and recovery to mental arithmetic (MA) stress using a multiple regression approach. Methods: 48 male undergraduate students engaged in the following 3 minute tasks during recording of the electrocardiogram, impedance cardiography, and blood pressure: baseline, MA, and evaluation. Hostility and AI were assessed with the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale and the Speilberger Anger In subscale, respectively. Results: An interaction between hostility and AI showed high diastolic blood pressure reactivity to the MA task among hostile anger inhibitors. Harassment did not modify this effect. However, harasser evaluation predicted prolonged systolic blood pressure (SBP) responding among men scoring high in AI, and facilitated SBP recovery among those scoring low on AI. Conclusions: The findings highlight the interactive influences of AI and hostility in predicting CVR to stress and underscore the importance of recovery assessments in understanding the potentially pathogenic associations of these constructs. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved}, keywords = {Anger, Anger-in, AUTONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD-PRESSURE, cardiovascular, cardiovascular reactivity, CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE, CYNICAL HOSTILITY, DEFENSIVE HOSTILITY, Disease, Evaluation, FREQUENCY-DOMAIN, Harassment, Heart, Hostility, IMPEDANCE CARDIOGRAPHY, Male, MEN, methods, MULTIPLE, Netherlands, Pressure, RATE-VARIABILITY, REACTIVITY, recovery, regression, Risk, Risk Factors, Stress, Students, Time, TRAIT HOSTILITY, WOMEN, WORRY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Vella___Friedman_2009.pdf}, address = {Univ So Maine, Dept Psychol, Portland, ME 04104 USA Virginia Tech, Dept Psychol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA}, ISSN = {0167-8760}, author = {Vella, E.J. and Friedman, B.H.} } @Article { Willemen2009, title = {Physiological regulation of stress in referred adolescents: the role of the parent-adolescent relationship}, journal = {J.Child Psychol.Psychiatry}, year = {2009}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, pages = {482--490}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Psychopathology in youth appears to be linked to deficits in regulating affective responses to stressful situations. In children, high-quality parental support facilitates affect regulation. However, in adolescence, the role of parent-child interaction in the regulation of affect is unclear. This study examined physiological reactivity to and recovery from stress in adolescents at risk for psychopathology, and their associations with internalising and externalising problems and parent-adolescent interactions. METHODS: A total of 99 adolescents (M = 13.57 years, SD = 1.83) with a history of mental health problems underwent the Alarm Stress Task and were reunited with their primary caregiver after the stressor, while the physiological responses of the parasympathetic (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and sympathetic (pre-ejection period) systems were measured. The quality of parent-adolescent interaction was determined from observations of secure-base seeking and providing during the task. Affect regulation was measured as physiological reactivity and recovery after the stressor. RESULTS: Adolescents with high levels of externalising problems and low levels of secure-base support showed weaker parasympathetic reactivity and recovery. Higher level of adolescent secure-base seeking was associated with stronger sympathetic reactivity and recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Secure-base interactions between parents and adolescents facilitate physiological regulation of stress, especially for adolescents with externalising symptomatology}, keywords = {Adaptation,Psychological, Adolescent, Affect, Arrhythmia,Sinus, Child, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, methods, Netherlands, Neuropsychological Tests, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, physiopathology, psychology, Stress,Psychological, Sympathetic Nervous System, therapy}, url = {vuams-pubs/Willemen_2009.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AM.Willemen@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Willemen, A.M. and Schuengel, C. and Koot, H.M.} } @Article { SackHWL2008, title = {Psychophysiological Changes During EMDR and Treatment Outcome}, journal = {Journal of EMDR Practice and Research}, year = {2008}, month = {11}, day = {1}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {239-246}, abstract = {This study was designed to investigate the question of whether psychophysiological changes during EMDR sessions are related to subjective and objective reduction of PTSD symptoms. During-session changes in autonomic tone in relation to session-to-session changes of subjective stress, trauma-related symptoms, and psychophysiological reactions during a traumatic reminder were investigated in 10 patients suffering from single-trauma PTSD. Treatment duration followed each patient's individual needs and ranged between 1 and 4 sessions, resulting in a total of 24 EMDR treatment sessions from which psychophysiological data were completely recorded. Treatment with EMDR was followed by a significant reduction of trauma-related symptoms, elimination of the PTSD diagnosis in 8 of the 10 participants, as well as by significantly reduced psychophysiological reactivity to an individualized trauma script. Psychophysiological dearousal in sessions correlated significantly with decrease in script-related reactions in heart rate and parasympathetic tone, and with changes in subjective disturbance. Our results indicate that information processing during EMDR is followed by during-session decrease in psychophysiological activity, reduced subjective disturbance and reduced stress reactivity to traumatic memory.}, keywords = {EMDR; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WORKING MECHANISM}, url = {vuams-pubs/Sack.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/springer/emdr/2008/00000002/00000004/art00002}, DOI = {10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.239}, author = {Sack, Martin and Hofmann, Arne and Wizelman, Leah and Lempa, Wolfgang} } @Article { GruberJOK2008, title = {Risk for mania and positive emotional responding: Too much of a good thing?}, journal = {Emotion}, year = {2008}, month = {2}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {23-33}, url = {vuams-pubs/Gruber.pdf}, web_url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/emo/8/1/23/}, DOI = {10.1037/1528-3542.8.1.23}, author = {Gruber, June and Johnson, Sheri L. and Oveis, Christopher and Keltner, Dacher} } @Article { Sack2008, title = {Alterations in autonomic tone during trauma exposure using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)--results of a preliminary investigation}, journal = {J.Anxiety.Disord.}, year = {2008}, volume = {22}, number = {7}, pages = {1264--1271}, abstract = {EMDR combines stimuli that evoke divided attention--e.g. eye movements--with exposure to traumatic memories. Our objective was to investigate psycho-physiological correlates of EMDR during treatment sessions. A total of 55 treatment sessions from 10 patients with PTSD was monitored applying impedance cardiography. Onset of every stimulation/exposure period (n=811) was marked and effects within and across stimulation sets on heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), pre-ejection period (PEP) and respiration rate were examined. At stimulation onsets a sharp increase of HRV and a significant decrease of HR was noticed indicating de-arousal. During ongoing stimulation, PEP and HRV decreased significantly while respiration rate significantly increased, indicating stress-related arousal. However, across entire sessions a significant decrease of psycho-physiological activity was noticed, evidenced by progressively decreasing HR and increasing HRV. These findings suggest that EMDR is associated with patterns of autonomic activity associated with substantial psycho-physiological de-arousal over time}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Cardiography,Impedance, Child, Desensitization,Psychologic, diagnosis, Electrocardiography, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, instrumentation, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, physiology, psychology, Psychometrics, Psychophysiology, Respiration, Saccades, Stress Disorders,Post-Traumatic, therapy, Time Factors}, url = {vuams-pubs/Sack_2008.pdf}, address = {Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Technical University Munich, Langerstrasse 3, 81675 Munich, Germany. m.sack@tum.de}, author = {Sack, M. and Lempa, W. and Steinmetz, A. and Lamprecht, F. and Hofmann, A.} } @Article { Licht2008, title = {Association between major depressive disorder and heart rate variability in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)}, journal = {Arch.Gen.Psychiatry}, year = {2008}, volume = {65}, number = {12}, pages = {1358--1367}, abstract = {CONTEXT: It has been hypothesized that depression is associated with lower heart rate variability and decreased cardiac vagal control. This may play an important role in the risk of cardiovascular disease among depressed individuals. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether heart rate variability was lower in depressed individuals than in healthy controls in a large adult sample. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analyses from a large depression cohort study. SETTING: The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand three hundred seventy-three individuals (mean age, 41.8 years; 66.8\% female) who participated in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Included were 524 controls, 774 individuals with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) earlier in life (remitted MDD), and 1075 individuals with current MDD based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. This sample was sufficiently powered to examine the confounding effects of lifestyle, comorbid anxiety, and antidepressants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The standard deviation of normal-to-normal beats (SDNN) and cardiac vagal control, as indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), were measured during 1(1/2) hours of ambulatory recording of electrocardiograms and thorax impedance. Multivariate analyses were conducted to compare SDNN and RSA across depression groups after adjustment for demographics, health, lifestyle, comorbid anxiety, and psychoactive medication. RESULTS: Individuals with remitted and current MDD had a lower mean SDNN and RSA compared with controls (SDNN, 3.1-5.7 milliseconds shorter, P < or = .02; RSA, 5.1-7.1 milliseconds shorter, P < .001; effect size, 0.125-0.269). Comorbid anxiety and lifestyle did not reduce these associations. However, accounting for psychoactive medication removed the association with SDNN and strongly attenuated the association with RSA. Depressed individuals who were using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, or other antidepressants had significantly shorter SDNNs and RSAs (effect size, 0.207-0.862) compared with controls and depressed individuals not taking medication. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that depression is associated with significantly lowered heart rate variability. However, this association appears to be mainly driven by the effect of antidepressants}, keywords = {Adult, antidepressant, ANTIDEPRESSANTS, Anxiety, Arrhythmias,Cardiac, COHORT, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, cross-sectional, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder,Major, diagnosis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Disease, DISORDER, Electrocardiography, epidemiology, Female, Health Status, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, Male, Movement, Netherlands, physiology, physiopathology, psychiatry, psychology, Questionnaires, RATE-VARIABILITY, Research, Respiration, Rest, Risk, Thorax, Universities, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, WHETHER}, url = {vuams-pubs/Licht_2008.pdf}, address = {Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands}, author = {Licht, C.M. and De Geus, E.J. and Zitman, F.G. and Hoogendijk, W.J. and Dyck R., van and Penninx, B.W.} } @Article { Scarpa2008, title = {Biosocial Bases of Reactive and Proactive Aggression: the Roles of Community Violence Exposure and Heart Rate}, journal = {Journal of Community Psychology}, year = {2008}, volume = {36}, number = {8}, pages = {969--988}, abstract = {In order to more fully understand how individual differences influence adaptation to violence, this study examined the moderating influence of resting heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV) between community violence (CV) exposure and child reactive/proactive aggression. Forty 7-13-year-old community children self-reported CV exposure (i.e., victimization, witnessing, or hearing about violence) and were assessed for resting HR and HRV, Parents rated them on reactive/proactive aggression. CV victimization was positively related to proactive aggression only in conditions of low HR, and witnessed CV was positively related to reactive aggression only in conditions of high HRV. Main effects were not found for CV exposure or psychophysiological functioning, suggesting the importance of their interaction. Findings are discussed in terms of HR under-arousal, emotion dysregulation, fearlessness, and behavioral disinhibition as components that can increase aggression in response to violent contexts. Findings support a biosocial basis for childhood aggression and have implications for prevention and treatment. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc}, keywords = {AGE 11 YEARS, Aggression, ANTISOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, AUTONOMIC AROUSAL, Child, CHILDHOOD, CHILDREN, CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, HIGH-RISK, Parents, PROTECTIVE FACTORS, RATE-VARIABILITY, STIMULATION-SEEKING, Time, VAGAL TONE, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, YOUNG-ADULT SAMPLE}, url = {vuams-pubs/Scarpa_2008.pdf}, address = {Virginia Polytech Inst \& State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA Long Isl Univ, Brookville, NY USA}, ISSN = {0090-4392}, author = {Scarpa, A. and Tanaka, A. and Haden, S.C.} } @Article { Knepp2008, title = {Cardiovascular activity during laboratory tasks in women with high and low worry}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2008}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {287--293}, abstract = {Worry has been related to delayed stress recovery and cardiovascular disease risk. Cardiovascular responses to a range of laboratory tasks were examined in this study of high and low worriers. Undergraduate women were recruited with the Penn State Worry Questionnaire to form low (n=19) and high (n=22) worry groups. These individuals engaged in six laboratory tasks (orthostatic stress, supine rest, hand cold pressor, mental arithmetic, and worry and relaxation imagery) while heart rate (HR), HR spectral analysis, impedance cardiography, and blood pressure were acquired. The only significant group difference found was a consistently greater HR across tasks in high worriers (p<.05). No group by condition interactions emerged. High trait worry in healthy young women appears to be marked by elevated HR in the absence of autonomic abnormalities. These findings are discussed relative to the literature on worry, with particular reference to its health implications}, keywords = {analysis, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD-PRESSURE, Cardiovascular System, Disease, Female, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, Humans, IMPEDANCE CARDIOGRAPHY, Laboratories, physiology, physiopathology, Pressure, Problem Solving, psychology, Questionnaires, Rest, Risk, Stress, Stress,Psychological, Type A Personality, Universities, Young Adult}, url = {vuams-pubs/knepp_friedman_2008.pdf}, address = {Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States}, author = {Knepp, M.M. and Friedman, B.H.} } @Article { Brydon2008, title = {Circulating leptin and stress-induced cardiovascular activity in humans}, journal = {Obesity (Silver.Spring)}, year = {2008}, volume = {16}, number = {12}, pages = {2642--2647}, abstract = {Obesity is associated with an elevated risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The adipocyte hormone leptin, which stimulates energy expenditure in animals by activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), is believed to play a role in this association. However, evidence in humans remains sparse. We investigated the relationship between circulating leptin and cardiovascular and inflammatory responses to acute psychological stress in humans. Participants were 32 men and 62 women aged 18-25 years. Cardiovascular activity was assessed using impedance cardiography at baseline, during acute laboratory stress, and during a 45-min recovery period. Plasma cytokines were measured in blood drawn at baseline and 45-min poststress. In women only, baseline plasma leptin was significantly associated with stress-induced changes in heart rate (beta = 0.53, P = 0.006), heart rate variability (HRV) (beta = -0.44, P = 0.015), and cardiac preejection period (PEP) (beta = -0.51, P = 0.004), independent of age, adiposity, and smoking. Women's plasma leptin levels also correlated with stress-induced elevations in the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) (beta = 0.35, P = 0.042). Circulating leptin is an independent predictor of sympathetic cardiovascular activity, parasympathetic withdrawal, and inflammatory responses to stress in women. Because cardiovascular and inflammatory stress responses are predictive of future cardiovascular disease, leptin may be a mechanism mediating the adverse effects of stress and obesity on women's cardiovascular health}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, blood, Blood Pressure, complications, Heart Rate, Humans, Interleukin-6, Leptin, Obesity, physiology, physiopathology, Sex Factors, Stress,Psychological, Young Adult}, url = {vuams-pubs/Brydon_2008.pdf}, address = {Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK. l.brydon@ucl.ac.uk}, author = {Brydon, L. and O'Donnell, K. and Wright, C.E. and Wawrzyniak, A.J. and Wardle, J. and Steptoe, A.} } @Article { Goedhart2008, title = {Comparing low frequency heart rate variability and preejection period: two sides of a different coin}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2008}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, pages = {1086--1090}, abstract = {It has been hypothesized that the ratio of heart rate variability in the low- (LF) and high- (HF) frequency bands may capture variation in cardiac sympathetic control. Here we tested the temporal stability of the LF/HF ratio in 24-h ambulatory recordings and compared this ratio to the preejection period (PEP), an established measure of cardiac sympathetic control. Good temporal stability was found across a period of 3.3 years (.468 mg/l), rheumatoid arthritis patients with low systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein 2/3 of their migraine attacks were triggered by psychosocial stress, revealed an increase for perceived stress (p=0.04) but no changes in objective stress response measures. At baseline, this group also showed higher scores on the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (p=0.003) and the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (p=0.001) compared to non-stress-sensitive patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although stress-sensitive patients, in contrast to non-stress-sensitive patients, may perceive more stress in the days before an impending migraine attack, we failed to detect any objective evidence for a biological stress response before or during migraine attacks}, keywords = {Adult, analysis, Circadian Rhythm, complications, etiology, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Longitudinal Studies, Male, metabolism, methods, Middle Aged, Migraine Disorders, Netherlands, physiology, Prospective Studies, Saliva, Self Assessment (Psychology), Stress,Psychological, Time}, url = {vuams-pubs/Schoonman_2007.pdf}, address = {Department of Neurology (K5-Q), Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. g.g.schoonman@lumc.nl}, author = {Schoonman, G.G. and Evers, D.J. and Ballieux, B.E. and De Geus, E.J. and de Kloet, E.R. and Terwindt, G.M. and van Dijk, J.G. and Ferrari, M.D.} } @Article { Houtveen2007, title = {Medically unexplained symptoms and between-group differences in 24-h ambulatory recording of stress physiology}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2007}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, pages = {239--249}, abstract = {People with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) often have a comorbid history of stress and negative affect. Although the verbal-cognitive and (peripheral) physiological stress systems have shown a great degree of independence, at the same time it is claimed that chronic stress and negative affect can result in a disregulated physiological stress system, which may lead to MUS. Previous studies could not demonstrate a straightforward between subject relationship between MUS and stress physiology, supporting the view of independence. The aim of the current study was to further explore this relationship using an improved methodology based on ecologically valid 24-h real-life ambulatory recordings. Seventy-four participants (19 male; 55 female) with heterogeneous MUS were compared with 71 healthy controls (26 male; 45 females). Momentary experienced somatic complaints and mood, heart rate, cardiac autonomic activity, respiration and saliva cortisol were monitored using electronic diary and ambulatory registration devices. Participants with MUS reported much more momentary complaints and negative affect as compared to controls. Although MUS seemed to be associated with elevated heart rate and reduced low and very-low frequency heart period variability, these effects disappeared after controlling for differences in sports behaviour. No group differences were found for cardiac autonomic activity, respiration, end-tidal CO(2) and saliva cortisol. Our 24-h real-life ambulatory study did not support the existence of a connection between MUS and disregulated peripheral stress physiology. Future studies may instead focus on central measures to reveal potential abnormalities such as deviant central processing of visceral signals in MUS patients}, keywords = {Adult, Affect, Electrocardiography,Ambulatory, Electroencephalography, Electronics,Medical, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, methods, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Netherlands, physiology, physiopathology, psychology, Questionnaires, Respiration, Saliva, Somatoform Disorders, Stress,Physiological, Time, Time Factors}, url = {vuams-pubs/houtveen_2007.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.h.houtveen@uu/nl}, author = {Houtveen, J.H. and Van Doornen, L.J.} } @Article { Oosterman2007, title = {Physiological effects of separation and reunion in relation to attachment and temperament in young children}, journal = {Dev.Psychobiol.}, year = {2007}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {119--128}, abstract = {This study examined physiological effects of separation and reunion in a sample 3- to 6-year-old children. Using continuous ambulatory recording, changes in heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and pre-ejection period (PEP) were compared across the episodes of a separation-reunion procedure based on the strange situation. RSA decreased significantly over the course of the procedure as well as on separation from the parent and not the stranger, supporting that separation from the attachment figure elicited vagal withdrawal in young children. The absence of significant PEP effects suggest that the separation-reunion procedure, and more specifically separation from the parent, was not threatening enough to activate the sympathetic nervous system, even if children were insecure attached and inhibited with regard to strangers. Some of the variability in HR increases to reunion was explained by younger age. The findings highlight the role of the ANS as a regulatory process in the parent-child relationship}, keywords = {Anxiety,Separation, Arousal, Child, Child,Preschool, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Infant, Inhibition (Psychology), Male, Mother-Child Relations, Netherlands, Object Attachment, physiology, psychology, Questionnaires, Sympathetic Nervous System, Temperament}, url = {vuams-pubs/Oosterman_2007.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Van der Boechorststraat 1 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.oosterman@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Oosterman, M. and Schuengel, C.} } @Article { EbnerPriemerK2007, title = {Psychological and psychophysiological ambulatory monitoring: A review of hardware and software solutions.}, journal = {European Journal of Psychological Assessment}, year = {2007}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {214-226}, url = {vuams-pubs/Ebner-Priemer.pdf}, web_url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/jpa/23/4/214/}, DOI = {10.1027/1015-5759.23.4.214}, author = {Ebner-Priemer, Ulrich W. and Kubiak, Thomas} } @Article { Roelofs2007, title = {The effects of social stress and cortisol responses on the preconscious selective attention to social threat}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2007}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, pages = {1--7}, abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of social stress and stress-induced cortisol on the preconscious selective attention to social threat. Twenty healthy participants were administered a masked emotional Stroop task (comparing color-naming latencies for angry, neutral and happy faces) in conditions of rest and social stress. Stress was induced by means of the Trier social stress test. Based on the stress-induced increase in cortisol levels, participants were allocated post hoc (median-split) to a high and low responders group. In contrast to low responders, high responders showed a negative or avoidant attentional bias to threat (i.e. shorter latencies for angry than neutral faces) in the rest condition. Most importantly, although low responders became avoidant, the high responders became vigilant to the angry faces after stress induction. There were no such effects for happy faces. Our findings are in line with previous studies in both animals and humans, that associate high glucocorticoid stress-responsiveness with diminished avoidance and prolonged freezing reactions during stress}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Arousal, Attention, Avoidance Learning, Awareness, blood, Color Perception, complications, Conflict (Psychology), Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Netherlands, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition,Visual, Perceptual Masking, physiology, psychology, Reaction Time, Reading, Rest, Semantics, Social Environment, Stress,Psychological}, url = {vuams-pubs/Roelofs_2007.pdf}, address = {Section Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Leiden, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. Roelofs@fsw.leidenuniv.nl}, author = {Roelofs, K. and Bakvis, P. and Hermans, E.J. and Pelt J., van and Honk J., van} } @Article { Parry2006, title = {Ambulatory impedance cardiography: a systematic review}, journal = {Nurs.Res.}, year = {2006}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {283--291}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Standard noninvasive impedance cardiography has been used to examine the cardiovascular responses of individuals to a wide range of stimuli in critical care and laboratory settings. It has been shown to be a reliable alternative to invasive thermodilution techniques and an acceptable alternative to the use of a pulmonary artery catheter. Ambulatory impedance cardiography provides a similar assessment of cardiac function to standard noninvasive impedance cardiography, but it does so while individuals engage in activities of daily living. It offers portability and the option of managing complex patients in outpatient settings. OBJECTIVE: To critically examine through a literature analysis the validity, reliability, and sensitivity of ambulatory impedance cardiography for the assessment of cardiac performance during activities of daily living. METHODS: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), The Cochrane Database of Methodology Reviews (CDMR), The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), Health Technology Assessment (HTA), and The Cochrane Methodology Register (CMR; 1966-2005); MEDLINE (1950-2005); and CINAHL (1982-2005) were searched using the following terms: ambulatory cardiac performance, impedance cardiac performance, AIM cardiac performance monitor, thoracic electrical bio-impedance, impedance cardiography, ambulatory impedance monitor, bio-impedance technology, ambulatory impedance cardiography, bio-electric impedance; also included were reference lists of retrieved articles. Studies were selected if they used an ambulatory impedance monitor to examine one or more of the following cardiovascular responses: pre-ejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), stroke volume (SV), or a combination of these. RESULTS: Studies have been predominantly descriptive and have been focused on a young, male population with a normal body mass index (BMI; 25-29 kg/m). Inconsistencies in determining specific markers of cardiac function (e.g., PEP and SV) across studies necessitated that results be reported by outcome for each study separately. DISCUSSION: Ambulatory impedance monitors are valid and reliable instruments used for the physiologic measurement of cardiac performance. Sensitivity is established utilizing within-individual measurements of relative change. This is especially important in light of an aging population and technical advances in healthcare. Further research is warranted using nursing interventions that focus on an older, female population who have a BMI greater than 30 kg/m. Availability of noninvasive ambulatory measures of cardiac function has the potential to improve care for a variety of patient populations, including those with hypertension, heart failure, pain, anxiety, and depressive symptoms}, keywords = {analysis, Body Mass Index, Cardiography,Impedance, Female, Heart, Humans, instrumentation, Male, methods, Monitoring,Ambulatory, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity}, url = {vuams-pubs/Parry_2006.pdf}, address = {Cardiac Surgery, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. parrym@kgh.kari.net}, author = {Parry, M.J. and Fetridge-Durdle, J.} } @Article { Kupper2006, title = {Heritability of indices for cardiac contractility in ambulatory recordings}, journal = {J.Cardiovasc.Electrophysiol.}, year = {2006}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, pages = {877--883}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a pivotal role in the development of cardiovascular disease. This involvement suggests that the genetic susceptibility to adverse cardiovascular events may derive in part from individual differences in SNS activity. METHODS AND RESULTS: To establish a genetic contribution to SNS activity, we measured sympathetic effects on cardiac contractility in 755 healthy adult twins and their singleton siblings. The preejection period (PEP) and the ratio of PEP to the left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET ratio) were derived from ambulatory recordings of the ECG and thorax impedance. During this type of prolonged recordings in a real life setting, the extent of cardiac sympathetic activity will vary with the demands of daily activities. Therefore, the genetic architecture of both indices was examined separately across three daytime periods (morning, afternoon, evening), and during nighttime sleep. Results showed significant genetic contribution to PEP (48-62\%) over all daily periods. Heritability estimates for PEP/LVET ratio ranged between 35\% and 58\%. Cardiac sympathetic activity during the waking and sleep periods was largely influenced by genetic factors that were common to the entire 24-hour period. During sleep, additional genetic influences emerged that accounted for 8\% of the variance in PEP. CONCLUSION: Impedance-derived measures of sympathetic effects on cardiac contractility show substantial heritability across all periods of the day and during sleep}, keywords = {Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Disease, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, genetics, HEALTHY, Humans, Male, methods, Myocardial Contraction, Netherlands, physiology, psychology, RATIO, Research, Siblings, Sleep, Sympathetic Nervous System, Thorax, Time, Twins, Ventricular Function,Left}, url = {vuams-pubs/Kupper_2006.pdf}, address = {Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, author = {Kupper, N. and Willemsen, G. and Boomsma, D.I. and De Geus, E.J.} } @Article { Popma2006, title = {Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis and autonomic activity during stress in delinquent male adolescents and controls}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2006}, volume = {31}, number = {8}, pages = {948--957}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Patterns of low autonomic arousal have consistently been related to delinquency and disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) in children and adolescents. Findings on another stress regulating mechanism, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, have been inconsistent, which may partly be due to not considering specific stress reactivity measures. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between disruptive behavior in male adolescents and their HPA and autonomic reactivity to a standard public speaking task (PST). METHOD: Responsivity to the PST of cortisol, heart rate (HR), skin conductance level (SCL) and self-reported negative feelings was measured, and compared between 12and14-year-old boys who attended a delinquency diversion program (DP), with and without DBD (DP+, n=22 and DP-, n=49, resectively), and matched normal controls (NC, n=30). DBD diagnoses were based on a structured psychiatric interview. RESULTS: The DP+ group, but not the DP- group, showed a significantly decreased cortisol and HR response during the PST as compared with the NC group. No significant effects were found for SCL. All subjects connoted the task negatively. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that low cortisol and HR responsivity to stress may be a neurobiological marker for delinquent boys with DBD, but not for those without DBD. Directions for future research and clinical implications are discussed}, keywords = {Adolescent, Affect, Arousal, Autonomic Nervous System, Child, drug effects, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Juvenile Delinquency, Male, metabolism, Netherlands, Neuropsychological Tests, physiology, physiopathology, Pituitary-Adrenal System, psychology, Saliva, Stress,Psychological}, url = {vuams-pubs/Popma_2006.pdf}, address = {Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, p/a De Bascule, Rijksstraatweg 145, PB 303, Amsterdam, 1115 ZG Duivendrecht, The Netherlands. a.popma@debascule.com}, author = {Popma, A. and Jansen, L.M. and Vermeiren, R. and Steiner, H. and Raine, A. and Van Goozen, S.H. and H., Van Engeland and Doreleijers, T.A.} } @Article { Goudriaan2006, title = {Psychophysiological determinants and concomitants of deficient decision making in pathological gamblers}, journal = {Drug Alcohol Depend.}, year = {2006}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, pages = {231--239}, abstract = {Psychophysiological responses are considered to be a mediating factor in the development of pathological gambling (PG) and PG has been associated with differential arousal levels during gambling. Yet little is known about the specific psychophysiological responses to wins and losses in PG. This study investigated heart rate (HR) and skin conductance responses (SCRs) during the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in an adult PG group (n=46) and a normal control (NC) group (n=47). Anticipatory psychophysiological reactions to disadvantageous and advantageous choices during the IGT and psychophysiological responses to wins and losses were measured. The PG group performed worse than the NC group on the IGT and exhibited lower anticipatory SCRs and HR decreases when pondering choices of disadvantageous card decks during the IGT. The PG group showed a decrease in HR after losses and wins, whereas the NC group showed a decrease in HR after losses, but an increase in HR after wins. Reward and punishment sensitivity as measured by the self-report BIS/BAS scale influenced IGT performance and psychophysiological responses, but in general these effects were similar for the PG group and the NC group. Lower anticipatory psychophysiological responses to disadvantageous choices in PG suggest impaired risk assessment in this group. Absence of a HR increase after wins possibly implies that reward sensitivity is decreased in PG. Because levels of reward and punishment sensitivity were associated with differential anticipatory HR responses to advantageous and disadvantageous decks, it would be advisable to include this taxonomy in studies on psychophysiological responses to rewards and losses}, keywords = {Adult, Arousal, Cognition Disorders, Decision Making, epidemiology, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Gambling, Gyrus Cinguli, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Impulse Control Disorders, Male, metabolism, Netherlands, physiology, Prefrontal Cortex, psychology, Psychophysiology, Punishment, Reward, Thalamus, Wechsler Scales}, url = {vuams-pubs/Goudriaan_2006.pdf}, address = {Academic Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. goudriaana@missouri.edu}, author = {Goudriaan, A.E. and Oosterlaan, J. and E., De Beurs and Van den Brink, W.} } @Article { Goedhart2006, title = {Temporal stability of ambulatory stroke volume and cardiac output measured by impedance cardiography}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2006}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, pages = {110--117}, abstract = {Recently, devices have become available that allow non-invasive measurement of stroke volume and cardiac output through ambulatory thorax impedance recording. If such recordings have adequate temporal stability, they offer great potential to further our understanding of how repeated or chronic cardiovascular activation in response to naturalistic events may contribute to cardiovascular disease. In this study, 24 h ambulatory impedance-derived systolic time intervals, stroke volume and cardiac output were measured in 65 healthy subjects across an average time span of 3 years and 4 months. Stability was computed separately for sleep and daytime recordings. To avoid confounding by differences in posture and physical activity across measurement days, temporal stability was computed using sitting activities only. During the day intraclass correlations were moderate for stroke volume (.29-.46) and cardiac output (.33-.46) and good for systolic time intervals (.55-.81). When test-retest comparison was limited to two comparable days (two work days or two leisure days), correlations for both SV (.42-.46) and CO (.43-.50) improved. CONCLUSION: Moderate long-term temporal stability is found for individual differences in ambulatory stroke volume and cardiac output measured by impedance cardiography}, keywords = {Adult, Cardiography,Impedance, Disease, Electrocardiography,Ambulatory, Female, HEALTHY, Heart Rate, Hemodynamics, Humans, Male, methods, Netherlands, physiology, Posture, psychology, Sleep, Stroke Volume, Sympathetic Nervous System, Thorax, Time, Time Factors, Work}, url = {vuams-pubs/Goedhart_2006.pdf}, address = {Vrije Universiteit, Department of Biological Psychology, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ad.goedhart@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Goedhart, A.D. and Kupper, N. and Willemsen, G. and Boomsma, D.I. and De Geus, E.J.} } @Article { Kohler2006, title = {The effects of chewing versus caffeine on alertness, cognitive performance and cardiac autonomic activity during sleep deprivation}, journal = {J.Sleep Res.}, year = {2006}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {358--368}, abstract = {Chewing has been shown to alleviate feelings of sleepiness and improve cognitive performance during the day. This study investigated the effect of chewing on alertness and cognitive performance across one night without sleep as well as the possible mediating role of cardiac autonomic activity. Fourteen adults participated in a randomized, counterbalanced protocol employing a chewing, placebo and caffeine condition. Participants completed tasks assessing psychomotor vigilance, tracking, grammatical reasoning, alertness and sleepiness each hour across the night. All participants received either placebo or caffeine (200 mg), while the chewing condition also chewed on a tasteless and odorless substance for 15 min each hour. Heart rate (HR), root mean square of the successive differences in R-R intervals on the ECG (RMSSD), and preejection period (PEP) were simultaneously recorded. Alertness and cognitive performance amongst the chewing condition did not differ or were in fact worse when compared with placebo. Similarly, measures of HR and RMSSD remained the same between these two conditions; however, PEP was reduced in the later part of the night in the chewing condition compared with a relative increase for placebo. Caffeine led to improved speed and accuracy on cognitive tasks and increased alertness when compared with chewing. Relative increases in RMSSD and reductions in HR were demonstrated following caffeine; however, no change in PEP was seen. Strong associations between cardiac parasympathetic activity and complex cognitive tasks, as well as between subjective alertness and simpler cognitive tasks, suggest a differential process mediating complex versus simple cognitive performance during sleep deprivation}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Attention, Autonomic Nervous System, Caffeine, Chewing Gum, drug effects, Electrocardiography, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Mastication, Myocardial Contraction, Neuropsychological Tests, pharmacology, physiology, physiopathology, Problem Solving, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Signal Processing,Computer-Assisted, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation}, url = {vuams-pubs/Kohler_2006.pdf}, address = {Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. mark.kohler@unisa.edu.au}, author = {Kohler, M. and Pavy, A. and den Heuvel C., van} } @Article { Houtveen2006, title = {Validation of the thoracic impedance derived respiratory signal using multilevel analysis}, journal = {Int.J.Psychophysiol.}, year = {2006}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {97--106}, abstract = {The purpose of the current study was to validate the change in thoracic impedance (dZ) derived respiratory signal obtained from four spot electrodes against incidental spirometry. Additionally, a similar validation was performed for a dual respiratory belts signal to compare the relative merit of both methods. Participants were 38 healthy adult subjects (half male, half female). Cross-method comparisons were performed at three (paced) respiration frequencies in sitting, supine and standing postures. Multilevel regression was used to examine the within- and between-subjects structure of the relationship between spirometric volume and the respiratory amplitude signals obtained from either dZ or respiratory belts. Both dZ derived respiratory rate and dual belts derived respiratory rate accurately reflected the pacing frequencies. For both methods, fixed factors indicated acceptable but posture-specific regression on spirometric volume. However, random factors indicated large individual differences, which was supported by variability of gain analyses. It was concluded that both the dZ and dual belts methods can be used for measurement of respiratory rate and within-subjects, posture-specific, changes in respiratory volume. The need for frequent subject-specific and posture-specific calibration combined with relatively large measurement errors may strongly limit the usefulness of both methods to assess absolute tidal volume and minute ventilation in ambulatory designs}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, analysis, Analysis of Variance, Electric Impedance, Female, HEALTHY, Humans, instrumentation, Male, methods, Middle Aged, Models,Biological, Monitoring,Physiologic, Netherlands, physiology, Plethysmography,Impedance, Posture, psychology, Pulmonary Ventilation, Reference Values, regression, Reproducibility of Results, Research, Respiration, Respiratory Function Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Spirometry, Statistics as Topic, Thorax, Tidal Volume, Universities, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Houtveen_2006.pdf}, address = {Department of Health Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.h.houtveen@fss.uu.nl}, author = {Houtveen, J.H. and Groot, P.F. and De Geus, E.J.} } @Article { Kupper2005a, title = {A genetic analysis of ambulatory cardiorespiratory coupling}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2005}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {202--212}, abstract = {This study assessed the heritability of ambulatory heart period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and respiration rate and tested the hypothesis that the well-established correlation between these variables is determined by common genetic factors. In 780 healthy twins and siblings, 24-h ambulatory recordings of ECG and thorax impedance were made. Genetic analyses showed considerable heritability for heart period (37\%-48\%), RSA (40\%-55\%), and respiration rate (27\%-81\%) at all daily periods. Significant genetic correlations were found throughout. Common genes explained large portions of the covariance between heart period and RSA and between respiration rate and RSA. During the afternoon and night, the covariance between respiration rate and RSA was completely determined by common genes. This overlap in genes can be exploited to increase the power of linkage studies to detect genetic variation influencing cardiovascular disease risk}, keywords = {Adult, analysis, Disease, Environment, Female, Genetic Variation, genetics, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, Hemodynamics, Humans, Male, Models,Statistical, Netherlands, physiology, psychology, Research, Respiration, Respiratory Mechanics, Risk, Siblings, Thorax, Twins}, url = {vuams-pubs/Kupper_2005.pdf}, address = {Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. hm.kupper@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Kupper, N. and Willemsen, G. and Posthuma, D. and Boer D., de and Boomsma, D.I. and De Geus, E.J.} } @Article { DeGeus2005, title = {A whole-genome scan for 24-hour respiration rate: a major locus at 10q26 influences respiration during sleep}, journal = {Am.J.Hum.Genet.}, year = {2005}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {100--111}, abstract = {Identification of genes causing variation in daytime and nighttime respiration rates could advance our understanding of the basic molecular processes of human respiratory rhythmogenesis. This could also serve an important clinical purpose, because dysfunction of such processes has been identified as critically important in sleep disorders. We performed a sib-pair-based linkage analysis on ambulatory respiration rate, using the data from 270 sibling pairs who were genotyped at 374 markers on the autosomes, with an average distance of 9.65 cM. Uni- and multivariate variance-components-based multipoint linkage analyses were performed for respiration rate during three daytime periods (morning, afternoon, and evening) and during nighttime sleep. Evidence of linkage was found at chromosomal locations 3q27, 7p22, 10q26, and 22q12. The strongest evidence of linkage was found for respiration rate during sleep, with LOD scores of 2.36 at 3q27, 3.86 at 10q26, and 1.59 at 22q12. In a simultaneous analysis of these three loci, >50\% of the variance in sleep respiration rate could be attributed to a quantitative-trait loci near marker D10S1248 at 10q. Genes in this area (GFRA1, ADORA2L, FGR2, EMX2, and HMX2) can be considered promising positional candidates for genetic association studies of respiratory control during sleep}, keywords = {Adult, analysis, Chromosomes,Human,Pair 10, Chromosomes,Human,Pair 22, Chromosomes,Human,Pair 3, DISORDER, DISORDERS, Female, Genetic Markers, genetics, Genome,Human, Humans, Linkage (Genetics), Lod Score, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Netherlands, psychology, Quantitative Trait,Heritable, Research, Respiration, Sleep, Time Factors}, url = {vuams-pubs/DeGeus_2005.pdf}, address = {Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081-BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. eco@psy.vu.nl}, author = {De Geus, E.J. and Posthuma, D. and Kupper, N. and van den, Berg M. and Willemsen, G. and Beem, A.L. and Slagboom, P.E. and Boomsma, D.I.} } @Article { Bosch2005, title = {Differential mobilization of functionally distinct natural killer subsets during acute psychologic stress}, journal = {Psychosom.Med.}, year = {2005}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, pages = {366--375}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Two functionally distinct natural killer (NK) subsets can be identified according to surface CD56 expression: CD56lo cells compose the majority of NK cells and function as cytotoxic cells, whereas CD56hi cells have an immunomodulatory function through the secretion of cytokines. These NK subsets also differ in the expression levels of adhesion molecules such as CD62L and CD11a, indicating distinct potentials to migrate to lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. We investigated whether NK cell mobilization during acute stress varies according to these functional and phenotypic distinctions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-three undergraduate students performed a public-speaking task and 21 students participated in a control session. The task increased heart rate and catecholamines. No change was observed for the immunoregulatory CD56hi NK subset, whereas the number of cytotoxic CD56lo NK cells tripled. In line with the observation that NK mobilization is related to cytotoxic function, we found larger increases in NK cells that express higher levels of CD16 (a receptor that mediates antibody-dependent cytotoxicity). Consistent with known subset differences in adhesion molecule expression, we also found larger stress-induced increases for NK cells that were CD62L-negative and CD11ahi. Plasma levels of soluble CD62L remained unaltered, suggesting that the increase in CD62L-negative NK cells did not result from CD62L shedding. Regression analyses demonstrated independent contributions of epinephrine and norepinephrine to NK subset mobilization. CONCLUSION: The marked specificity and robustness of these effects support the idea that NK cell mobilization is a functionally relevant response that is aimed at protecting the organism during acutely stressful situations}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Antigens,CD11a, Antigens,CD56, blood, Chemotaxis,Leukocyte, Cytotoxicity,Immunologic, Epinephrine, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, immunology, Killer Cells,Natural, L-Selectin, Lymphocyte Subsets, Male, methods, Norepinephrine, physiology, psychology, Receptors,IgG, secretion, Speech, Stress,Psychological, Students}, url = {vuams-pubs/Bosch_2005.pdf}, address = {University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, Chicago, IL 60611, USA}, author = {Bosch, J.A. and Berntson, G.G. and Cacioppo, J.T. and Marucha, P.T.} } @Article { Houtveen2005, title = {Effects of variation in posture and respiration on RSA and pre-ejection period}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2005}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {713--719}, abstract = {The extent to which variation in posture and respiration can confound pre-ejection period and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as indices of cardiac sympatho-vagal activity was examined. Within-subjects changes in these measures were assessed in 36 subjects during different postures and (paced) respiratory frequencies. Changes from supine to sitting to standing led to reduced RSA values and longer pre-ejection periods, reflecting the known decrease in vagal but not the increase of sympathetic activity. Multilevel path analysis showed that within-subjects changes in sympatho-vagal balance were faithfully reflected by changes in interbeat interval, but imperfectly by changes in RSA and pre-ejection period. It was concluded that pre-ejection period should be stratified for posture and RSA for respiratory frequency to reliably index changes in sympatho-vagal balance when these factors are prone to change (e.g., during 24-h ambulatory recording)}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, analysis, Arrhythmias,Cardiac, blood, Carbon Dioxide, Electrocardiography, Female, Heart, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, physiology, physiopathology, Posture, psychology, Research, Respiration, Respiratory Mechanics, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, Supine Position, Universities}, url = {vuams-pubs/Houtveen_2005.pdf}, address = {Department of Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.h.houtveen@fss.uu.nl}, author = {Houtveen, J.H. and Groot, P.F. and Geus, E.J.} } @Article { Kupper2005, title = {Familial influences on basal salivary cortisol in an adult population}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2005}, volume = {30}, number = {9}, pages = {857--868}, abstract = {To understand the underlying genetic and environmental sources of individual variation in basal cortisol levels, we collected salivary cortisol at awakening and at six fixed time points during the day in adult twins and their singleton siblings. Reported time of awakening was verified with heart rate and body movement recordings. Cortisol data were available for 199 MZ twins, 272 DZ twins and 229 singleton siblings from 309 twin families. No differences in cortisol means and variances were found between twins and singleton siblings. Additionally, the correlations for DZ twins and siblings were not significantly different, indicating generalizability of twin study results to the general population. Genetic model fitting showed heritability for cortisol levels during the awakening period (34\% for cortisol level at awakening and 32\% for cortisol level at 30 min after awakening) but not for cortisol levels later during the day. The current study shows that, while cortisol levels in the awakening period are influenced by genetic factors, cortisol levels throughout most of the day are not heritable, indicating that future gene finding studies for basal cortisol should focus on the first hour post-awakening}, keywords = {Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Female, genetics, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, Humans, Hydrocortisone, LEVEL, Male, metabolism, Models,Genetic, Movement, Netherlands, Pedigree, physiology, psychology, Reference Values, Research, Saliva, Siblings, Time, Twins, Twins,Dizygotic, Twins,Monozygotic}, url = {vuams-pubs/Kupper_2004.pdf}, address = {Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. hm.kupper@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Kupper, N. and De Geus, E.J. and den Berg M., van and Kirschbaum, C. and Boomsma, D.I. and Willemsen, G.} } @Article { Steptoe2005a, title = {Impaired cardiovascular recovery following stress predicts 3-year increases in blood pressure}, journal = {J.Hypertens.}, year = {2005}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {529--536}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess whether variation in the rate of cardiovascular recovery following exposure to acute psychological stress predicts changes in blood pressure longitudinally, independently of blood pressure at baseline and other covariates. DESIGN: A 3-year longitudinal study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 209 men and women aged 45-59 years at baseline, with no history of cardiovascular disease including hypertension. METHOD: Measurement of blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, cardiac index and total peripheral resistance at rest, during two moderately stressful behavioural tasks and up to 45 min post-stress. Stress reactivity was defined as the difference in values between tasks and baseline, and post-stress recovery as the difference between recovery levels and baseline. OUTCOME MEASURES: Resting blood pressure measured at baseline and 3 years later. Seven individuals had been prescribed hypertensive medication on follow-up. RESULTS: Increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) were predicted by impaired post-stress recovery of SBP (P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P < 0.001) and total peripheral resistance (P = 0.003), independently of baseline blood pressure, age, gender, socio-economic status, hypertensive medication, body mass and smoking. The adjusted odds of an increase in SBP > or = 5 mmHg were 3.50 [95\% confidence interval (CI) 1.19 to 10.8] for individuals with poor compared with effective post-stress recovery of SBP. Three-year increases in diastolic pressure were predicted by impaired recovery of SBP (P < 0.001) and DBP (P = 0.009) pressure and by heart rate variability during tasks (P = 0.002), independently of covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired post-stress recovery and less consistently heightened acute stress reactivity may index disturbances in the regulation of cardiovascular stress responses that contribute to longitudinal changes in blood pressure in middle-aged men and women}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Aged, blood, Blood Pressure, diagnosis, Disease, epidemiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Hypertension, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, physiopathology, Predictive Value of Tests, Pressure, psychology, Psychomotor Performance, Rest, Risk Factors, Smoking, Stress,Psychological, Vascular Resistance}, url = {vuams-pubs/Steptoe_Marmot_2005.pdf}, address = {International Centre for Health and Society, Psychology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK. a.steptoe@ucl.ac.uk}, author = {Steptoe, A. and Marmot, M.} } @Article { VarkevisserVK2005, title = {Physiologic Indexes in Chronic Insomnia During a Constant Routine: Evidence for General Hyperarousal?}, journal = {SLEEP}, year = {2005}, volume = {28}, number = {12}, pages = {1588-1596}, url = {vuams-pubs/Varkevisser.pdf}, web_url = {https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article-pdf/28/12/1588/8502646/sleep-28-12-1588.pdf}, author = {Varkevisser, Michael and Van Dongen, Hans P.A. and Kerkhof, Gerard A.} } @Article { Steptoe2005, title = {Socioeconomic position and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses following cognitive challenge in old age}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2005}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, pages = {149--166}, abstract = {Social disparities in health persist into old age, and differences in psychophysiological responsivity may contribute to this pattern. We assessed whether higher socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with attenuated cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses elicited by cognitive tasks in old age. We tested 132 community-dwelling men and women aged 65-80 years, divided on the basis of educational attainment into higher and lower SES groups, and compared them with 26 higher educated participants aged 27-42 years. Blood pressure, hemodynamic variables and salivary cortisol were assessed in response to the performance of three cognitive tasks, and then during recovery. Older groups showed smaller heart rate and larger cortisol changes than younger participants. Post-task recovery in heart rate, stroke volume, pre-ejection period, and systolic blood pressure was greatest in the younger group, least in the older/lower education group, and intermediate in the older/higher education group. SES did not influence the increased cortisol responsivity of older participants. The results are consistent with the notion that higher SES protects against age-related changes in cardiovascular response profiles, particularly during recovery}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged,80 and over, Aging, analysis, blood, Blood Pressure, chemistry, Cognition, epidemiology, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, physiology, Pressure, psychology, Saliva, Social Class, Stroke Volume}, url = {vuams-pubs/Steptoe_2005.pdf}, address = {Psychobiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK. a.steptoe@ucl.ac.uk }, author = {Steptoe, A. and Kunz-Ebrecht, S.R. and Wright, C. and Feldman, P.J.} } @Article { Roelofs2005, title = {The effects of stress-induced cortisol responses on approach-avoidance behavior}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2005}, volume = {30}, number = {7}, pages = {665--677}, abstract = {High glucocorticoid stress-responses are associated with prolonged freezing reactions and decreased active approach and avoidance behavior in animals. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of cortisol responses and trait avoidance on approach-avoidance behavior in humans. Twenty individuals were administered a computerized approach-avoidance (AA)-task before and after stress-induction (Trier Social Stress Test). The AA-task involved a reaction time (RT) task, in which participants made affect congruent and affect incongruent arm movements towards positive and threatening social stimuli. Affect congruent responses involved arm extension (avoidance) in response to angry faces and arm flexion (approach) in response to happy faces. Reversed responses were made in affect incongruent instruction conditions. As expected, participants with high cortisol responses showed significantly decreased RT congruency-effects in a context of social stress. Low trait avoidance was also associated with diminished congruency-effects during stress. However, the latter effect disappeared after controlling for the effects of cortisol. In sum, in agreement with animal research, these data suggest that high cortisol responses are associated with a decrease in active approach-avoidance behavior during stress. These findings may have important implications for the study of freezing and avoidance reactions in patients with anxiety disorders, such as social phobia and post-traumatic stress disorder}, keywords = {Adult, Affect, Anger, Animals, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Blood Pressure, Facial Expression, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, metabolism, Motor Activity, Movement, Netherlands, Norepinephrine, physiology, psychology, Reaction Time, Saliva, Social Environment, Stress,Psychological}, url = {vuams-pubs/Roelofs_2005.pdf}, address = {Section of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. roelofs@fsw.leidenuniv.nl}, author = {Roelofs, K. and Elzinga, B.M. and Rotteveel, M.} } @Article { NeumannWSTS2004, title = {Hostility and Distraction Have Differential Influences on Cardiovascular Recovery From Anger Recall in Women.}, journal = {Health Psychology}, year = {2004}, month = {11}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {631-640}, abstract = {This study investigated the relation of dispositional hostility to cardiovascular reactivity during an anger-recall task and of hostility and distraction to posttask recovery in 80 healthy women (ages 18-30). Half were randomly assigned to distraction during recovery. Hostility predicted slower systolic blood pressure and preejection period during recovery. Distraction was related to faster cardiac recovery, higher high-frequency (HF) power, lower low-frequency (LF) power and LF:HF ratios, and lower state anger and rumination during recovery. These results indicate deleterious influences of hostility on cardiovascular recovery but not during anger recall. The findings also show beneficial effects of distraction in expediting cardiovascular recovery, possibly through reducing rumination and anger. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)}, url = {vuams-pubs/Neumann.pdf}, web_url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/hea/23/6/631/}, DOI = {10.1037/0278-6133.23.6.631}, author = {Neumann, Senna A. and Waldstein, Shari R. and Sellers III, John J. and Thayer, Julian F. and Sorkin, John D.} } @Article { Rietveld2004, title = {Acquired sensitivity to relevant physiological activity in patients with chronic health problems}, journal = {Behav.Res.Ther.}, year = {2004}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {137--153}, abstract = {The hypothesis that biased symptom perception toward excessive symptoms is common when relatively normal chronic patients enter symptom-relating situations, irrespective of emotional variables, was tested in 19 women with severe asthma, 18 with somatization-like characteristics, and 18 controls. Each underwent three experimental conditions: mental stress, resting, and physical exercise. Each condition included three breathing conditions: breathing normally, normal compressed air, and 5.5\% CO2-enriched compressed air. Results yielded no group differences in physiological measures, e.g. elevated CO2 in exhaled air (end-tidal partial pressure of CO2, PetCO2), or lung function. Asthma patients experienced more breathlessness, and somatization-like participants more breathlessness, miscellaneous symptoms, and subjective stress than controls. Although these differences suggested acquired biased symptom perception, as it turned out, breathlessness in asthmatics was more influenced by PetCO2 and less by subjective stress compared to controls. Likewise, breathlessness in somatization-like participants was similarly influenced by PetCO2 and subjective stress compared to controls, and miscellaneous symptoms were even more influenced by PetCO2 and less by subjective stress compared to controls. It was concluded that acquired sensitivity to physiological activity associated with habitual symptoms may account for excessive symptoms in patients with chronic health problems}, keywords = {analysis, Asthma, Carbon Dioxide, Chronic Disease, Exercise, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, methods, Partial Pressure, physiology, physiopathology, Pressure, psychology, Regression Analysis, Respiration, Respiratory Function Tests, Rest, Self Concept, Somatoform Disorders, Stress,Psychological}, url = {vuams-pubs/Rietveld_2004.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. rietveld@psy.uva.nl}, author = {Rietveld, S. and Houtveen, J.H.} } @Article { Neumann2004, title = {Alexithymia predicts attenuated autonomic reactivity, but prolonged recovery to anger recall in young women}, journal = {Int.J.Psychophysiol.}, year = {2004}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {183--195}, abstract = {Alexithymia has been prospectively associated with all-cause mortality and with cardiovascular morbidity. Here, stress-induced autonomic reactivity and recovery were examined as potential pathways linking alexithymia to cardiovascular disease. The relation of alexithymia to blood pressure, heart rate, and other cardiovascular parameters derived from impedance cardiography (N = 80) and heart rate variability (N = 40) was evaluated during rest, an anger recall task and recovery in women (ages 18-30). During anger recall, alexithymia was associated with significantly attenuated heart rate and stroke index reactivity, greater low frequency power, and with marginally dampened blood pressure and high frequency power reactivity. Overall, this response pattern suggests blunted sympathetic activation and diminished vagal withdrawal. Alexithymia was also related to slower diastolic blood pressure and quicker preejection period recovery implying abbreviated sympathetic arousal and possibly greater vagal modulation. These results impart some evidence for the hypoarousal model of alexithymia during reactivity, but the hyperarousal model during recovery. Autonomic dysregulation during and following acute emotional stress is suggested as a possible physiological pathway connecting alexithymia to cardiovascular disease}, keywords = {Adult, Affective Symptoms, Anger, Arousal, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, Data Interpretation,Statistical, Disease, Electrocardiography, Heart, Heart Rate, Hemodynamics, Humans, Male, Mental Recall, Personality Tests, physiology, physiopathology, Pressure, Rest}, url = {vuams-pubs/Neumann_2004.pdf}, address = {Cardiovascular Behavioral Medicine Research Training Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 4015 O'Hara Street, 506 OEH, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. neumannsa@msx.upmc.edu}, author = {Neumann, S.A. and Sollers, J.J., III and Thayer, J.F. and Waldstein, S.R.} } @Article { Christie2004, title = {Autonomic specificity of discrete emotion and dimensions of affective space: a multivariate approach}, journal = {Int.J.Psychophysiol.}, year = {2004}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {143--153}, abstract = {The present study addressed autonomic nervous system (ANS) patterning during experimentally manipulated emotion. Film clips previously shown to induce amusement, anger, contentment, disgust, fear and sadness, in addition to a neutral control film, were presented to 34 college-aged subjects while skin conductance, blood pressure and the electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded, as was self-reported affect. Both mean of and mean successive difference of heart period were derived from the ECG. Pattern classification analyses revealed emotion-specific autonomic patterning for all emotion conditions except disgust; all emotion conditions exhibited significant patterning using self-report. Discriminant function analysis was used to describe the location of discrete emotions within dimensional affective space using both self-report and ANS variables. Findings suggest that the dimensions of valence and activation portray the structure of self-reported emotion, but that valence is more accurately described as approach-withdrawal when applied to autonomic responses during discrete emotions. The findings provide further support for the existence of emotion-specific ANS activity, and are consistent with a hybrid discrete-dimensional model of affective space}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Affect, analysis, Anger, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, classification, Electric Conductivity, Electrocardiography, Emotions, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, instrumentation, Male, methods, Motion Pictures as Topic, Multivariate Analysis, Photic Stimulation, physiology, Pressure, psychology, Questionnaires, Skin Physiological Phenomena}, url = {vuams-pubs/Christie___Friedman_2004.pdf}, address = {Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0436, USA. bhfried@vt.edu}, author = {Christie, I.C. and Friedman, B.H.} } @Article { Eekelen2004, title = {Circadian variation in base rate measures of cardiac autonomic activity}, journal = {European Journal of Applied Physiology}, year = {2004}, volume = {93}, number = {1-2}, pages = {39--46}, abstract = {To investigate the role of the circadian pacemaker in autonomic modulation of base rate cardiac activity, 29 healthy subjects participated in a constant routine protocol. They were randomly divided into two groups in order to manipulate prior wakefulness. Group 1 started at 0900 hours immediately after a monitored sleep period, while group 2 started 12 h later. Measures of interbeat intervals (IBIs), respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA, an estimate of parasympathetic activity), pre-ejection period (PEP, an estimate of sympathetic activity), and core body temperature (CBT) were recorded continuously. Multilevel regression analyses (across-subjects) revealed significant 24- and/or 12-h sinusoidal circadian variation for CBT, IBI, and RSA, but not for PEP. Subject-specific 24+12 h sinusoidal fits demonstrated a convergence of phase distribution for IBI and RSA of group 1 similar to CBT, while PEP showed a relatively large (i.e. random) distribution of phase. In group 2, all cardiac measures showed large distributions of phase. Unexpected results in the cardiac measures were found in group 2, probably caused by group differences in prior activation. Also, effects of sleep deprivation were observed for IBI and RSA in group 2. Consequently, all cardiac measures revealed significant sinusoidal x group interactions, a result not shown in CBT. These findings were interpreted as an indication for circadian endogenous parasympathetic modulation of cardiac activity that is mainly confounded by prior wakefulness that extends 24 h, while the sympathetic modulation is relatively uncoupled from the endogenous circadian drive and mainly influenced by prior activation}, keywords = {BLOOD-PRESSURE, Body Temperature, circadian variation, constant routine, CONSTANT-ROUTINE, core body temperature, CORE-TEMPERATURE, DISORDER, DISORDERS, Drive, endogenous, HEALTHY, HEART-RATE, MEN, MYOCARDIAL-ISCHEMIA, NERVOUS-SYSTEM, Netherlands, ORIGINS, parasympathetic activity, regression, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, sympathetic activity, Time, Wakefulness}, url = {vuams-pubs/van_Eekelen_2004_EJAP.pdf}, address = {Univ Amsterdam, Dept Psychol, NL-1018 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands Univ Utrecht, Dept Hlth Psychol, NL-3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands MCH Westeinde, Ctr Sleep \& Wake Disorders, NL-2501 CK The Hague, Netherlands}, ISSN = {1439-6319}, author = {van Eekelen, A.P.J. and Houtveen, J.H. and Kerkhof, G.A.} } @Article { Eekelen2004a, title = {Circadian variation in cardiac autonomic activity: Reactivity measurements to different types of stressors}, journal = {Chronobiology International}, year = {2004}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {107--129}, abstract = {The role of endogenous circadian rhythmicity in autonomic cardiac reactivity to different stressors was investigated. A constant routine protocol was used with repeated exposure to a dual task and a cold pressor test. The 29 subjects were randomly divided into two groups in order to manipulate prior wakefulness. Group 1 started at 09:00h immediately after a monitored sleep period, whereas group 2 started 12 h later. Measures of interbeat intervals (IBI), respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA, a measure of parasympathetic activity), pre-ejection period (PEP, a measure of sympathetic activity), as well as core body temperature (CBT) were recorded continuously. Multilevel regression analyses (across-subjects) revealed significant (mainly 24h) sinusoidal circadian variation in the response to both stressors for IBI and RSA, but not for PEP. Individual 24 + 12 h cosine fits demonstrated a relatively large interindividual variation of the phases of the IBI and RSA rhythms, as compared to that of the CBT rhythm. Sinusoidal by group interactions were found for IBI and PEP, but not for RSA. These findings were interpreted as an indication for endogenous circadian and exogenous parasympathetic (vagal) modulation of cardiac reactivity, while sympathetic reactivity is relatively unaffected by the endogenous circadian drive and mainly influenced by exogenous factors}, keywords = {BLOOD-PRESSURE, Body Temperature, circadian rhythmicity, circadian variation, constant routine, constant routines, CONSTANT-ROUTINE, core body temperature, DISORDER, DISORDERS, Drive, endogenous, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE REACTIVITY, IMMUNE-RESPONSES, INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES, MYOCARDIAL-ISCHEMIA, Netherlands, NEUROENDOCRINE, parasympathetic activity, REACTIVITY, regression, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, RHYTHM, Sleep, stress reactivity, SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, sympathetic activity, TEMPERATURE, Time, Wakefulness}, url = {vuams-pubs/Van_Eekelen_2004.pdf}, address = {Univ Amsterdam, Dept Psychol, NL-1018 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands Univ Utrecht, Dept Hlth Psychol, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands MCH Westeinde, Ctr Sleep \& Wake Disorders, The Hague, Netherlands}, ISSN = {0742-0528}, author = {van Eekelen, A.P.J. and Houtveen, J.H. and Kerkhof, G.A.} } @Article { Dekkers2004, title = {Elevated sympathetic nervous system activity in patients with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis with active disease}, journal = {Clin.Exp.Rheumatol.}, year = {2004}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {63--70}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) nervous system activity in patients with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to analyze the association between activity of these systems and disease activity, and complaints that frequently occur in RA, viz., pain, fatigue, negative mood, and stiffness. METHODS: To assess sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activity, the Pre-Ejection-Period (PEP) and Respiratory Sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were measured on two consecutive nights in a real-life environment in 25 patients with RA [19 female (f), 6 male (m), mean age 55.2 years) and 28 healthy controls (20f, 8m, mean age 55.8 years]. RESULTS: Patients showed a significantly shorter PEP (reflecting elevated SNS activity) compared to healthy controls, an effect that was most pronounced in those with active disease. RSA and the heart period did not differ between patients and healthy controls. The heart period was significantly associated with stiffness, but neither PEP nor RSA were associated with pain, fatigue, mood, or stiffness. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that cardiac sympathetic nervous system activity is elevated in RA, whereas cardiac parasympathetic activity remains at a normal level. Our results suggest that inflammatory stress rather than the common symptoms of RA challenge the SNS}, keywords = {Arrhythmia,Sinus, Arthritis,Rheumatoid, Disease, Environment, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, methods, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology, physiopathology, psychology, Sympathetic Nervous System, Ventricular Dysfunction,Left}, address = {Department of Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. c.dekkers.emgo@med.vu.nl}, author = {Dekkers, J.C. and Geenen, R. and Godaert, G.L. and Bijlsma, J.W. and Van Doornen, L.J.} } @Article { Burgess2004, title = {Estimating cardiac autonomic activity during sleep: impedance cardiography, spectral analysis, and Poincare plots}, journal = {Clin.Neurophysiol.}, year = {2004}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {19--28}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare noninvasive measures of cardiac autonomic activity during sleep. METHODS: The absolute and normalized (n.u.) high and low frequency peaks from the spectral analysis of R-R intervals (HF, LF, HFn.u., LFn.u.), LF/HF ratio, pre-ejection period (PEP) from impedance cardiography, and the autocorrelation coefficient (rRR) as illustrated in Poincare plots were measured during night-time sleep in 9 young healthy subjects. Heart rate and blood pressure were also recorded. RESULTS: Heart rate was significantly associated with cardiac sympathetic activity (PEP, average r=-0.46), but not with cardiac parasympathetic activity (HF, average r=-0.17). rRR was significantly associated with heart rate (average r=0.41), and LF/HF (average r=0.69), but not with PEP or HF. From NREM to REM sleep, heart rate, LFn.u., LF and rRR significantly increased, HFn.u. significantly decreased, LF/HF showed an increasing trend (P=0.07) and PEP showed a decreasing trend (P=0.06). Blood pressure and HF were highly variable without significant changes from NREM to REM sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac parasympathetic activity (HF) does not vary greatly between sleep stages. Cardiac sympathetic activity (PEP) decreases linearly during sleep. rRR and LF/HF can track sympathovagal changes during sleep, but cannot differentiate between changes in cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the different measures are discussed}, keywords = {Adult, analysis, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, Cardiography,Impedance, Data Interpretation,Statistical, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, innervation, Male, methods, physiology, Pressure, Sleep, Sleep,Rem}, url = {vuams-pubs/Burgess_2004.pdf}, address = {Research Laboratory on Sleep, Chronobiology and Neuroendocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. hburgess@rush.edu}, author = {Burgess, H.J. and Penev, P.D. and Schneider, R. and E., Van Cauter} } @Article { Kupper2004, title = {Heritability of ambulatory heart rate variability}, journal = {Circulation}, year = {2004}, volume = {110}, number = {18}, pages = {2792--2796}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is a prognostic factor for cardiac disease and cardiac mortality. Understanding the sources of individual differences in HRV may increase its diagnostic use and provide new angles for preventive therapy. To date, the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the variance in HRV has not been investigated during prolonged periods of ambulatory monitoring in a naturalistic setting. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 772 healthy twins and singleton siblings, ambulatory ECG was recorded during 24 hours. Two time domain measures of HRV were used: the standard deviations of all normal-to-normal intervals across 5-minute segments (SDNN index) and the root mean square of successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals (RMSSD). Multivariate genetic analyses across 4 periods of day (morning, afternoon, evening, night) yielded significant estimates for genetic contribution to the mean ambulatory SDNN index (ranging from 35\% to 47\%) and the mean ambulatory RMSSD (ranging from 40\% to 48\%). CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory HRV measures are highly heritable traits that can be used to support genetic association and linkage studies in their search for genetic variation influencing cardiovascular disease risk}, keywords = {Adult, AMBULATORY MONITORING, Circadian Rhythm, Disease, Electrocardiography,Ambulatory, Female, Genetic Variation, genetics, Genotype, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, Male, methods, Netherlands, physiology, RATE-VARIABILITY, Research, Risk, Siblings, therapy, Time, Twins, Twins,Dizygotic, Twins,Monozygotic, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Kupper_2004.pdf}, address = {Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. hm.kupper@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Kupper, N.H. and Willemsen, G. and den Berg M., van and Boer D., de and Posthuma, D. and Boomsma, D.I. and De Geus, E.J.} } @Article { Riese2004, title = {Job strain in relation to ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability among female nurses}, journal = {Scand.J.Work Environ.Health}, year = {2004}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {477--485}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of exposure to job strain on independent predictors of cardiovascular disease (ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability). METHODS: The participants comprised a homogeneous group of 159 healthy female nurses [mean age 35.9 (SD 8.5) years]. The choice of this population minimized variance attributable to gender, socioeconomic status, and work characteristics. Job demands, decision latitude, and social support were measured with the Karasek job content questionnaire, which was administered twice with an average interval of 12.2 months. The nurses' scores for job demands and decision latitude on both occasions were used to define their job-strain category. Ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability were assessed on a workday and a day of leisure. RESULTS: No effect on the ambulatory levels of blood pressure, heart rate, or heart rate variability was found for job strain by itself or in interaction with social support. In addition, job strain was not associated with differences in short-term or long-term physiological recovery during sleep after a workday or a day of leisure. High job demand was associated with higher systolic blood pressure at work and with higher diastolic blood pressure at work, but the latter association was found only when decision latitude was concurrently high, rather than low. CONCLUSIONS: High job strain among young female nurses is not associated with an unfavorable ambulatory cardiovascular profile. The robust effect of job strain on male health appears to be less apparent for women}, keywords = {Adaptation,Psychological, Adult, adverse effects, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD-PRESSURE, Cardiovascular Diseases, Disease, epidemiology, Female, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, LEVEL, Longitudinal Studies, Male, methods, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Netherlands, Nurses, Occupational Exposure, physiopathology, Pressure, prevention \& control, psychology, RATE-VARIABILITY, Regression Analysis, Research, Risk Factors, Sleep, Social Support, Stress,Psychological, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, Work, Workload}, url = {vuams-pubs/Riese_2004.pdf}, address = {Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. H.Riese@med.rug.nl}, author = {Riese, H. and Van Doornen, L.J. and Houtman, I.L. and De Geus, E.J.} } @Article { Scheer2004, title = {Light and diurnal cycle affect autonomic cardiac balance in human; possible role for the biological clock}, journal = {Auton.Neurosci.}, year = {2004}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, pages = {44--48}, abstract = {The morning shift in cardiac sympatho-vagal balance seems involved in the increased risk of cardiovascular incidents at that time. To investigate the contribution of the biological clock in autonomic cardiac control, we investigated the presence of a diurnal rhythm independent of external factors, and of a circadian phase-dependent effect of moderate light in healthy volunteers. Recordings of heart rate (HR) and vagal and sympathetic cardiac tone were performed at different times over the day-night cycle during supine, awake, resting conditions, during exposure to different light intensities. The similarity between the diurnal rhythm in resting HR and that during previous constant routine conditions, demonstrated that our setup allowed accurate estimation of the endogenous circadian rhythm in HR. The present study suggests that, while a circadian rhythm in vagal cardiac tone is the main cause for the circadian rhythm in resting heart rate, the increase in sympathetic cardiac tone participates in the HR increase caused by early morning light}, keywords = {Adult, Affect, Biological Clocks, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, innervation, Light, Male, Netherlands, Photic Stimulation, Photoperiod, physiology, radiation effects, Sympathetic Nervous System, Time, Vagus Nerve}, url = {vuams-pubs/Scheer_2004.pdf}, address = {Project Group Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. fscheer@rics.bwh.harvard.edu}, author = {Scheer, F.A. and Van Doornen, L.J. and Buijs, R.M.} } @Article { Vrijkotte2004, title = {Overcommitment to work is associated with changes in cardiac sympathetic regulation}, journal = {Psychosomatic Medicine}, year = {2004}, volume = {66}, number = {5}, pages = {656--663}, abstract = {Objective: Work stress is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity to work-related stressors or incomplete recovery after work is a proposed mechanism underlying this increase in risk. This study examined the effects of work stress on 24-hour profiles of the pre-ejection period (PEP), a measure of cardiac sympathetic activity, obtained from ambulatory measurement of the impedance cardiogram. Methods: A total of 67 male white-collar workers (age 47.1 +/- 5.2) underwent ambulatory monitoring on 2 workdays and I non-workday. Work stress was defined according to Siegrist's model as 1) a combination of high effort and low reward at work (high imbalance) or 2) an exhaustive work-related coping style (high overcommitment). Results: High overcommitment was associated with shorter absolute PEP levels during all periods on all 3 measurement days, reduced wake-to-sleep PEP differences and reduced PEP variability, as indexed by the SD. Conclusions: Overcommitment to work was associated with an increase in basal sympathetic drive and a reduction in the dynamic range of cardiac sympathetic regulation. Both findings are compatible with the hypothesis that overcommitment induces beta-receptor down-regulation}, keywords = {ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION, AMBULATORY BLOOD-PRESSURE, ambulatory impedance cardiogram, AMBULATORY MONITORING, BETA-ADRENERGIC INFLUENCES, cardiovascular, cardiovascular reactivity, CATECHOLAMINE RESPONSES, Disease, Down-Regulation, Drive, IMPEDANCE CARDIOGRAPHY, ionotropic cardiac regulation, ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE, LEVEL, Male, methods, NERVOUS-SYSTEM, Netherlands, pre-ejection period, PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, REACTIVITY, recovery, Reward, Risk, Stress, sympathetic activity, SYSTOLIC-TIME INTERVALS, Time, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, Work, work stress}, url = {vuams-pubs/Vrijkotte_2004.pdf}, address = {Acad Med Ctr, Dept Publ Hlth \& Epidemiol, NL-1100 DE Amsterdam, Netherlands Acad Med Ctr, Dept Social Med, NL-1100 DE Amsterdam, Netherlands Univ Utrecht, Dept Hlth Psychol, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Biol Psychol, NL-1}, ISSN = {0033-3174}, author = {Vrijkotte, T.G.M. and van Doornen, L.J.P. and de Geus, E.J.C.} } @Article { KunzEbrechtMFKS2003, title = {Cortisol responses to mild psychological stress are inversely associated with proinflammatory cytokines}, journal = {Brain, Behavior, and Immunity}, year = {2003}, month = {10}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, pages = {373–383}, abstract = {Glucocorticoids can down-regulate immune activity, but acute stress has been reported to increase both cortisol and levels of plasma cytokines. We investigated individual differences in cortisol responses and their associations with proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), cardiovascular activity, and mental health. Saliva samples and blood were taken from 199 healthy middle-aged participants of the Whitehall II cohort at baseline, immediately after stress and 45 min later. We defined the 40\% of participants with the highest cortisol response to stress as the cortisol responder group and 40\% with the lowest response as the cortisol non-responder group. Plasma IL-6 was higher and the IL-1ra response to stress was greater in the cortisol non-responder group. The cortisol non-responders showed lower heart rate variability than the cortisol responders. The cortisol responder group experienced more subjective stress during the tasks and reported more impaired mental health than the non-responders. We conclude that individual variations in neuroendocrine stress responsivity may have an impact on proinflammatory cytokines, and that both high and low cortisol stress responsiveness has potentially adverse effects.}, keywords = {Salivary cortisol; Cytokines; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; Heart rate variability; Mental stress; Mental health}, url = {vuams-pubs/Kunz-Ebrecht.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159103000291}, DOI = {10.1016/S0889-1591(03)00029-1}, author = {Kunz-Ebrecht, Sabine R and Mohamed-Ali, Vidya and Feldman, Pamela J and Kirschbaum, Clemens and Steptoe, Andrew} } @Article { Bosch2003, title = {Acute stress evokes selective mobilization of T cells that differ in chemokine receptor expression: a potential pathway linking immunologic reactivity to cardiovascular disease}, journal = {Brain Behav.Immun.}, year = {2003}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {251--259}, abstract = {T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages are the most abundant cells found in the atherosclerotic plaque. These cells can migrate towards the activated endothelium through the local release of chemotactic cytokines, or chemokines. Given the important role of leukocyte migration in atherosclerosis and the role of stress in mediating leukocyte trafficking, the present study examined the effects of an acute stressor on the redistribution of T cells (CD3+) and monocytes that express the chemokine receptors CCR5, CCR6, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, and CXCR4. Forty-four undergraduate students underwent a public speaking task. The acute stressor induced sympathetic cardiac activation, parasympathetic cardiac withdrawal, lymphocytosis, and monocytosis (all p<.001). Although the total number of T lymphocytes did not change, there was a selective increase in the number of circulating T cells expressing CXCR2, CXCR3, and CCR5. The ligands of these receptors are chemokines known to be secreted by activated endothelial cells. Analyses of individual differences in stress-induced responses demonstrated a positive relationship between sympathetic cardiac reactivity and mobilization of the various T cell subsets (.350.05). As the decrease in pre-ejection period is likely to have resulted from a decrease in blood pressure, these results do not confirm an effect of melatonin on cardiac sympathetic activity. However, the results do clearly indicate that melatonin is unlikely to drive the previously observed presleep increase in cardiac parasympathetic activity}, keywords = {administration \& dosage, Administration,Oral, Adult, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, Body Temperature, Drive, Drug Administration Schedule, drug effects, Electrocardiography, Female, Foot, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, innervation, Male, Melatonin, metabolism, pharmacology, physiology, Pressure, Saliva, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Universities}, url = {vuams-pubs/Harris_2001.pdf}, address = {Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, 5011, Australia}, author = {Harris, A.S. and Burgess, H.J. and Dawson, D.} } @Article { Burgess2001, title = {The relationship between slow-wave activity, body temperature, and cardiac activity during nighttime sleep}, journal = {Sleep}, year = {2001}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {343--349}, abstract = {STUDY OBJECTIVES: Recent work indicates that cardiac sympathetic activity is not influenced by the circadian system and instead decreases after sleep onset. However, little is known about the pattern of change in cardiac sympathetic activity during NREM/REM sleep cycles and whether this is associated with alterations in slow-wave activity (SWA). To address these questions, we examined SWA, cardiac sympathetic activity, heart rate and rectal and foot temperatures during the first three NREM/REM sleep cycles and during transitions between NREM and REM sleep. DESIGN: Subjects were required to maintain a constant sleep-wake cycle for at least a week and have at least one adaptation night, before their night of recording. SETTING: Individual temperature controlled bedrooms. PARTICIPANTS: 10 young healthy males and females. INTERVENTIONS: NA. MEASUREMENTS and RESULTS: All variables showed the greatest change in the first NREM cycle. Specifically, SWA, sympathetic activity, heart rate and foot temperature increased while rectal temperature decreased. After the initial increase, cardiac sympathetic activity decreased across the sleep phase, in association with a decrease in heart rate. Cardiac sympathetic activity did not significantly alter across NREM-REM cycles. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that increases in heart rate and cardiac sympathetic activity early in the sleep period are, in part, a compensatory reaction to the concomitant thermoregulatory changes observed. These results also indicate that the effect of time asleep on cardiac sympathetic activity may be greater than the influence of sleep cycles. These results are discussed with reference to the recuperative value of naps}, keywords = {Adult, Body Temperature, Circadian Rhythm, Electrocardiography, Female, Foot, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, physiology, Rectum, Sleep, Sleep,Rem, Time, Time Factors, Work}, url = {vuams-pubs/Burgess_2001.pdf}, address = {Centre for Sleep Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of South Australia. hburgess@rush.edu}, author = {Burgess, H.J. and Holmes, A.L. and Dawson, D.} } @Incollection { Vrijkotte2001a, title = {Cardiovascular reactivity to work stress assessed by ambulatory blood pressue, heart rate, and heart rate variability}, year = {2001}, pages = {345--360}, keywords = {blood, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, methods, RATE-VARIABILITY, Stress, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, Work}, url = {vuams-pubs/Vrijkotte_2001.pdf}, editor = {Fahrenberg, J. and Myrtek, M.}, publisher = {Hogrefe \& Huber}, address = {Seattle}, booktitle = {Progress in ambulatory assessment. Computer assisted psychological and psychophysiological methods in monitoring and field studies.}, author = {Vrijkotte, T.G.M and Riese, H. and de Geus, E.J.C} } @Article { BoomsmaBvDKdS2000, title = {Netherlands twin family study of anxious depression (NETSAD)}, journal = {Twin Research}, year = {2000}, month = {12}, day = {1}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {323-334}, abstract = {In a longitudinal study of Dutch adolescent and young adult twins, their parents and their siblings, questionnaire data were collected on depression, anxiety and correlated personality traits, such as neuroticism. Data were collected by mailed surveys in 1991, 1993, 1995 and 1997. A total of 13 717 individuals from 3344 families were included in the study. To localise quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in anxiety and depression, the survey data were used to select the most informative families for a genome–wide search. For each individual a genetic factor score was computed, based on a genetic multivariate analysis of anxiety, depression, neuroticism and somatic anxiety. A family was selected if at least two siblings (or DZ twins) had extreme factor scores. Both discordant (high–low) and concordant (high–high and low–low) pairs were included in the selected sample. Once an extreme sibling pair was selected, all family members (parents and additional siblings of the selected pair) who had at least once returned a questionnaire booklet were asked to provide a DNA sample. In total, 2724 individuals from 563 families (1007 parents and 1717 offspring) were approached and 1975 individuals from 479 families (643 patients and 1332 offspring) complied by returning a buccal swab for DNA isolation. All offspring from selected families were asked to participate in a psychiatric interview and in a 24–hour ambulatory assessment of cardiovascular parameters and cortisol. The interview consisted of the WHO–Composite International Diagnostic Interview and was administered to 1253 offspring. In this paper we describe the genetic– epidemiological analyses of the survey data on anxiety, somatic anxiety, neuroticism and depression. We detail how these data were used to select families for the QTL study and discuss strategies that may help elucidate the molecular pathways leading from genes to anxious depression.}, keywords = {CIDI; QTL finding; anxious depressed; genetic factor scores; heritability; neuroticism; selection; twin–sibling study}, url = {vuams-pubs/Boomsma.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aap/twr/2000/00000003/00000004/art00018}, DOI = {10.1375/136905200320565300}, author = {Boomsma, D.I. and Beem, A.L. and van den Berg, M. and Dolan, C.V. and Koopmans, J.R. and de Geus, E.J.C. and Slagboom, P.E.} } @Article { Vrijkotte2000, title = {Effects of work stress on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability}, journal = {Hypertension}, year = {2000}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {880--886}, abstract = {Work stress has repeatedly been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. This study tested whether this relationship could be explained by exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity to work or impaired recovery in leisure time. Vagal tone was assessed as a possible determinant of these work stress effects. Participants included 109 male white-collar workers (age, 47.2 +/- 5.3) who were monitored on 2 workdays and 1 nonworkday for ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Chronic work stress was defined according to Siegrist's model as (1) high imbalance, a combination of high effort and low reward at work, or (2) high overcommitment, an exhaustive work-related coping style indexing the inability to unwind. All findings were adjusted for possible differences in posture and physical activity between the work stress groups. High imbalance was associated with a higher heart rate during work and directly after work, a higher systolic blood pressure during work and leisure time, and a lower 24-hour vagal tone on all 3 measurement days. Overcommitment was not associated with an unfavorable ambulatory profile. Logistic regression analysis revealed that heart rate [odds ratio 1-SD increase 1.95 (95\% Cl, 1.02 to 3.77)] and vagal tone [odds ratio I-SD decrease 2.67 (95\% Cl, 1.24 to 5.75)] were independently associated with incident mild hypertension. Surprisingly, the values during sleep were more predictive for mild hypertension than the values during work. The results from the present study suggest that the detrimental effects of work stress are partly mediated by increased heart rate reactivity to a stressful workday, an increase in systolic blood pressure level, and lower vagal tone}, keywords = {analysis, blood, Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Monitoring,Ambulatory, BLOOD-PRESSURE, cardiovascular, cardiovascular reactivity, CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS, Disease, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Hypertension, hypertension,detection and control, hypertension,mild, JOB STRAIN, LEVEL, Male, MEN, mild hypertension, Netherlands, PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY, Posture, Pressure, PROGRESSION, RATE-VARIABILITY, RATIO, REACTIVITY, recovery, regression, Regression Analysis, Reward, Risk, Sleep, Stress, Time, VAGAL TONE, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, WHETHER, Work, work stress, WORKPLACE DEMANDS}, url = {vuams-pubs/Vrijkotte_2000.pdf}, address = {Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Biol Psychol, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands Univ Utrecht, Dept Hlth Psychol, Utrecht, Netherlands}, ISSN = {0194-911X}, author = {Vrijkotte, T.G.M. and van Doornen, L.J.P. and de Geus, E.J.C.} } @Article { Bosch2000, title = {Salivary MUC5B-mediated adherence (ex vivo) of Helicobacter pylori during acute stress}, journal = {Psychosom.Med.}, year = {2000}, volume = {62}, number = {1}, pages = {40--49}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Biochemical host defenses at mucosal sites, such as the oral cavity, play a key role in the regulation of microbial ecology and the prevention of infectious disease. These biochemical factors have distinct features, some of which benefit the host and some that benefit bacteria. We investigated the effects of acute stress on the salivary levels of the carbohydrate structure sulfo-Lewis (sulfo-Le), which is linked to the mucosal glycoprotein MUC5B. Sulfo-Le was recently identified as an adhesion molecule for Helicobacter pylori; therefore, we also measured saliva-mediated adherence (ex vivo) of H. pylori. The oral cavity is suspected to be involved in the transmission of H. pylori. METHODS: Saliva was collected from 17 undergraduates before (baseline), during (stress), and after (recovery) exposure to a video showing surgical procedures. In addition, blood pressure, an impedance cardiogram, and an electrocardiogram were recorded. RESULTS: During stressor exposure, participants reported increased state anxiety. In addition, stroke volume increased and heart rate decreased. The stressor induced a strong increase in salivary sulfo-Le concentration (U/ml), sulfo-Le output (U/min), sulfo-Le/total protein ratio (U/mg protein), and saliva-mediated adherence (ex vivo) of H. pylori. As expected, sulfo-Le concentration correlated with the adherence of H. pylori (r = 0.72, p < .05). It was demonstrated that the observed adherence was induced by MUC5B and that the carbohydrate structure sulfo-Le contributed to this process. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated a direct link between stress-mediated biochemical changes and altered host-microbe interactions in humans. Increased bacterial adherence may be a contributing factor in the observed relationship between stress and susceptibility to infectious disease}, keywords = {Acute-Phase Reaction, Adolescent, Adult, analysis, Anxiety, Bacterial Adhesion, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD-PRESSURE, Cell Adhesion Molecules, chemistry, Disease, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Glycosylation, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, Helicobacter pylori, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin A,Secretory, immunology, Inflammation, Inflammation Mediators, LEVEL, Male, metabolism, methods, microbiology, Mucins, Netherlands, physiology, Pilot Projects, Pressure, psychology, Questionnaires, RATIO, Research, Saliva, Salivary Proteins and Peptides, secretion, Stress, Stress,Psychological, Stroke Volume}, url = {vuams-pubs/Bosch_2000.pdf}, address = {Department of Oral Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ja.bosch.obc.acta@med.vu.nl}, author = {Bosch, J.A. and De Geus, E.J. and Ligtenberg, T.J. and Nazmi, K. and Veerman, E.C. and Hoogstraten, J. and Amerongen, A.V.} } @Article { Scheer1999, title = {Light and diurnal cycle affect human heart rate: Possible role for the circadian pacemaker}, journal = {Journal of Biological Rhythms}, year = {1999}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {202--212}, abstract = {Humans and animals demonstrate diurnal rhythms in physiology and behavior, which are generated by the circadian pacemaker, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The endogenous diurnal rhythm of the SCN is synchronized to the diurnal cycle most effectively by light. However, light also influences the SCN and its output instantaneously, as is demonstrated for the immediate effects of Light on SCN neuronal firing frequency and on the output of the SCN to the pineal, inhibiting melatonin secretion. In addition to this, the circadian pacemaker modulates neuronally also other organs such as the adrenal. Therefore, the authors investigated the effect of this light input to the SCN on human heart rate, using Light at different phases of the day-night cycle and light of different intensities. Resting heart rate (HR) was measured in volunteers between 20 and 40 years of age during supine, awake, resting conditions, and after 2 hours of fasting. In Experiment 1, HR was measured at different times over the day-night cycle at 0 lux and at indoor light. In Experiment 2, HR was measured at different times over the day-night cycle at controlled light intensities of 0 lux, 100 lux, and 800 lux. The authors demonstrate a clear diurnal rhythm in resting HR in complete darkness, similar to that measured under constant routine conditions. Second, it is demonstrated that light increases resting HR depending on the phase of the day-night cycle and on the intensity of light. These data strongly suggest that the circadian pacemaker modulates human HR}, keywords = {Affect, Animals, BLOOD-PRESSURE, cardiovascular, Circadian Rhythm, constant routine, endogenous, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, Humans, Hypertension, HYPERTENSIVE RATS, illumination, Light, LOCOMOTOR-ACTIVITY, masking, Melatonin, MELATONIN SUPPRESSION, MEN, MESSENGER-RNA, Netherlands, NEURAL CONTROL, NEURONS, physiology, RHYTHM, SCN, secretion, SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS CELLS, Time}, url = {vuams-pubs/Scheer_1999.pdf}, address = {Netherlands Inst Brain Res, Project Grp Hypothalam Integrat Mechanisms, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands Free Univ Amsterdam, Res Grp Psychon, Amsterdam, Netherlands}, ISSN = {0748-7304}, author = {Scheer, F.A.J.L. and van Doornen, L.J.P. and Buijs, R.M.} } @Article { Ring1999, title = {Secretory immunoglobulin A and cardiovascular activity during mental arithmetic and paced breathing}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {1999}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, pages = {602--609}, abstract = {The role of the autonomic nervous system in secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) responses to laboratory challenge was explored in a study in which sIgA and cardiovascular activity were recorded at rest and during mental arithmetic and paced breathing. These tasks were selected to preferentially engage the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, respectively. Mental arithmetic elicited a mixed pattern of increased alpha- and beta-adrenergic activity and a reduction in parasympathetic activity; diastolic blood pressure, total peripheral resistance, and systolic blood pressure increased, preejection period shortened, and heart rate variability decreased. In contrast, paced breathing primarily elicited an increase in parasympathetic activity; heart rate variability increased. Mental arithmetic also provoked an increase in sIgA concentration but no change in saliva volume, whereas paced breathing affected neither sIgA concentration nor saliva volume. These data suggest that sIgA responses to laboratory challenges are mediated by sympathetic rather than parasympathetic processes}, keywords = {Adult, Analysis of Variance, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD-PRESSURE, Breathing Exercises, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Exercise, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin A,Secretory, Laboratories, Male, metabolism, Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology, physiopathology, Pressure, Problem Solving, RATE-VARIABILITY, Rest, Saliva, Stress,Physiological, Universities, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Ring_1999.pdf}, address = {School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, England. c.m.ring@bham.ac.uk}, author = {Ring, C. and Carroll, D. and Willemsen, G. and Cooke, J. and Ferraro, A. and Drayson, M.} } @Article { Hornsveld1997, title = {Hyperventilation syndrome: An elegant but scientifically untenable concept}, journal = {Netherlands Journal of Medicine}, year = {1997}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {13--20}, abstract = {The concept of hyperventilation and the principle of a vicious circle provide an elegant explanation for the development of a wide range of somatic and psychological symptoms, the so-called hyperventilation syndrome (HVS). The model has a high degree of credibility and has led to the development of therapeutic interventions that appeared beneficial. However, recent investigations dismiss hyperventilation as an important symptom-producing mechanism. First, the hyperventilation provocation test appears to be invalid as a diagnostic test. Second, studies using ambulant monitoring of pCO(2) demonstrate that the vast majority of real-life attacks are not attended by decreases in pCO(2). Third, the evaluation of therapy outcome studies indicate that the beneficial effect of breathing retraining is probably nor mediated by reducing the tendency to hyperventilate. We conclude that a diagnosis of HVS should be avoided}, keywords = {AGORAPHOBIA, COMPLAINTS, diagnosis, GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER, Hyperventilation, hyperventilation syndrome, HYPOCHONDRIASIS, Netherlands, panic, PANIC DISORDER, pCO(2), psychosomatic symptoms, SYMPTOMS, therapy, Time, VOLUNTARY HYPERVENTILATION}, url = {vuams-pubs/Hornsveld_Garssen_1997.pdf}, address = {SLOTERVAART HOSP,DEPT MED PSYCHOL,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS HELEN DOWNLING INST,ROTTERDAM,NETHERLANDS}, ISSN = {0300-2977}, author = {Hornsveld, H. and Garssen, B.} } @Article { WillemsendKVC1996, title = {Ambulatory monitoring of the impedance cardiogram}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {1996}, number = {33}, pages = {184--193}, abstract = {The growing need for more advanced ambulatory monitoring has led to the development of an ambulatory monitor for impedance cardiography (VU-AMD). This paper presents two studies addressing the validity of the VU-AMD. In the first study, the cardiovascular responses of 25 subjects during various conditions were simultaneously recorded with the VU-AMD and a standard laboratory impedance device. Correlations between the responses of the ambulatory and laboratory devices were high, both inter- and intraindividually, except for stroke volume and cardiac output during exercise. In the second study, 26 subjects underwent 24-hr monitoring with the VU-AMD. The values obtained with the VU-AMD were realistic and varied in a predictable way over activity and posture. It is concluded that the VU-AMD is a valid device for the measurement of systolic time intervals in real-life situations, but its applicability for absolute stroke volume and cardiac output determination remains to be established}, affiliation = {VRIJE UNIV AMSTERDAM,DEPT PSYCHON,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS}, keywords = {AMBULATORY MONITORING;BAND;BETA-ADRENERGIC INFLUENCES;cardiac output;cardiovascular;ELECTRODES;Exercise;Heart Rate;HEART-RATE;IMPEDANCE CARDIOGRAPHY;Laboratories;motility;Posture;RESISTIVITY;RESPONSES;SPOT;Stress;Stroke Volume;systolic time intervals;Time;VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Willemsen_1996.pdf}, author = {Willemsen, GHM and de Geus, EJC and Klaver, CHAM and VanDoornen, LJP and Carroll, D} } @Incollection { Geus1996, title = {Ambulatory assessment of parasympathetic/sympathetic balance by impedance cardiography}, year = {1996}, pages = {141--163}, keywords = {methods}, url = {vuams-pubs/DeGeus_vanDoornen_1996.pdf}, editor = {J., Fahrenberg and M., Myrtek}, publisher = {Hogrefe \& Huber}, address = {Gottingen, Germany}, booktitle = {Ambulatory assessment: Computer-assisted psychological and psychophysiological methods in monitoring and field studies}, author = {de Geus, E.J.C. and van Doornen, L.J.P.} } @Article { DeGeus1995, title = {Ambulatory measurement of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and respiration rate}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {1995}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {205--227}, abstract = {The present study describes a device (AMD43) for ambulatory measurement of respiration rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia from the combined electrocardiogram (ECG) and thoracic impedance signals. Respiratory time intervals derived from this ambulatory device closely corresponds to those derived from simultaneous recordings with a 'classical' laboratory set-up. Good cross-instrument comparison was also found for respiratory sinus arrhythmia parameters derived with both the peak-to-trough and spectral analyses methods. It is discussed how simultaneous measurement of respiration rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia may be used to assess cardiac vagal tone in real-life situations}, keywords = {Adult, Arrhythmia,Sinus, diagnosis, Electrocardiography,Ambulatory, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, instrumentation, Laboratories, Male, methods, Monitoring,Ambulatory, Netherlands, physiology, physiopathology, Respiration, Respiratory Function Tests, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, Time, Time Factors}, url = {vuams-pubs/DeGeus_1995.pdf}, address = {Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, author = {De Geus, E.J. and Willemsen, G.H. and Klaver, C.H. and Van Doornen, L.J.} } @Article { Garssen1994, title = {Ambulatory Measurement of Transcutaneous Pco(2)}, journal = {Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {1994}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {231--240}, abstract = {Equipment has for some time been available for ambulatory measurement of aspects of respiration, such as rate, depth, minute volume, irregularity and sighs, but not until recently for arterial Pco(2). A system for ambulatory measurement of transcutaneous Pco(2) (P(tc)co(2)) has been developed and is tested in the present study The P(tc)co(2) gives an accurate estimate of end-tidal Pco(2); correlation coefficients were between .95 and 1.00. Response of the P(tc)co(2) measuring device was rather delayed: the time elapsing between a sudden change in arterial Pco(2) and the monitor output showing the correct value +/- 10\% was about two to three minutes. However, hyperventilation episodes lasting as little as 1.5 minutes could be easily detected. This method offers interesting opportunities for research in clinical psychophysiology}, keywords = {ADULTS, AMBULATORY MONITORING, CUTANEOUS CARBON-DIOXIDE, GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER, Hyperventilation, hyperventilation syndrome, INTENSIVE-CARE, OXYGEN, P(TC)CO(2), PANIC DISORDER, PCO2, Psychophysiology, Research, Respiration, Time, TRANSCUTANEOUS PCO(2), VOLUNTARY HYPERVENTILATION}, url = {vuams-pubs/Garssen_1994.pdf}, address = {FREE UNIV AMSTERDAM,INST RES EXTRAMURAL MED,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS FREE UNIV AMSTERDAM,DEPT PSYCHIAT,1007 MC AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS UNIV AMSTERDAM,DEPT MED PSYCHOL,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS SLOTERVAART HOSP,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS FREE UNIV AMSTERDAM,DEPT PSYCHOL}, ISSN = {0269-8803}, author = {Garssen, B. and Buikhuisen, M. and Hornsveld, H. and Klaver, C. and van Doornen, L.} } @Article { Doornen1994, title = {The relationship between stress reactivity in the laboratory and in real-life: Is reliability the limiting factor?}, journal = {J.Psychophysiology}, year = {1994}, volume = {8}, pages = {xx--xx}, keywords = {Laboratories, Stress}, author = {van Doornen, L.J.P. and Knol, D.L. and Willemsen, G. and de Geus, E.J.C.} } @Incollection { Klaver1994, title = {Ambulatory Monitoring System}, year = {1994}, pages = {254--268}, keywords = {Computers, instrumentation, methods, psychology}, url = {vuams-pubs/Klaver_CIP_1993.pdf}, editor = {Maarsse, F.J. and Akkerman, A.E. and Brand, A.N. and Mulder, L.J.M. and van der Stelt, M.J.}, publisher = {Swets \& Zeitlinger}, address = {Amsterdam}, booktitle = {Computers in Psychology; applications, methods, and instrumentation}, author = {Klaver, C.H.A.M. and de Geus, E.J.C. and De Vries, J} }