% % This file was created by the Typo3 extension % sevenpack version 0.7.16 % % --- Timezone: CET % Creation date: 2019-03-20 % Creation time: 12-49-28 % --- Number of references % 248 % @Article { SchafleinSPS2018, title = {Disconnected – Impaired Interoceptive Accuracy and Its Association to Self-Perception and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Patients With Dissociative Disorder}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, year = {2018}, month = {6}, day = {27}, volume = {9}, abstract = {Patients suffering from dissociative disorders are characterized by an avoidance of aversive stimuli. This includes the avoidance of emotions and, in particular, bodily perceptions. In the present pilot study, we explored the potential interoceptive accuracy deficit of patients suffering from dissociative disorders in a heartbeat detection task. Moreover, we investigated the impact of facial mirror-confrontation on interoceptive accuracy and the potential association between cardiac vagal tone derived from heart rate variability and interoceptive accuracy. Eighteen patients suffering from dissociative disorders and 18 healthy controls were assessed with the Mental Tracking Paradigm by Schandry for heartbeat detection at baseline and after confrontations exposing them to their own faces in a mirror (2 min each, accompanied by a negative or positive cognition). During the experiment, cardiac vagal tone was assessed. We used Pearson correlations to calculate potential associations between cardiac vagal tone and interoceptive accuracy. Patients performed significantly worse than the healthy controls in the heartbeat detection task at baseline. They displayed no significant increase in interoceptive accuracy following facial mirror-confrontation. In the patient group, higher cardiac vagal tone was associated with a more precise heartbeat detection performance. Dissociative disorder patients showed a considerable deficit in interoceptive accuracy. Our results fit with the assumption that highly dissociative patients tend to tune out the perceiving of bodily signals. To the extent that bodily signal perception may play a causal role in these disorders, therapeutic approaches enhancing interoceptive accuracy and cardiac vagal tone may be considered important and practicable steps to improve the therapy outcome of this patient group.}, keywords = {cardiac vagal tone, dissociation, facial mirror-confrontation, heartbeat detection, interoception, root mean square of successive differences, self-perception}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Disconnected-impaired_interoceptive_accuracy.pdf}, DOI = {10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00897}, author = {Sch{\"a}flein, Eva and Sattel, Heribert C. and Pollatos, Olga and Sack, Martin} } @Article { HuLPd2018, title = {Association Between Depression, Anxiety, and Antidepressant Use With T-Wave Amplitude and QT-Interval}, journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience}, year = {2018}, month = {6}, day = {5}, volume = {12}, abstract = {Objectives: Cardiac repolarization may be affected by psychiatric disorders and/or antidepressant use, but evidence for this is inconclusive. This study examined the relationship between depressive and anxiety disorder and use of antidepressants with T-wave amplitude (TWA) and QT-interval. Methods: Data was obtained from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (n = 1,383). Depression/anxiety was diagnosed with the DSM-IV based Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The use of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) was established. T-wave amplitude and QT-interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) were obtained from an ECG measured in a type II axis configuration. Results: Compared to controls, persons with depression or anxiety disorders did not show a significantly different TWA (p = 0.58; Cohen’s d = 0.046) or QTc (p = 0.48; Cohen’s d = ?0.057). In spite of known sympathomimetic effects, TCA use (p = 0.26; Cohen’s d =?0.162) and SNRI use (p=0.70; Cohen’s d =?0.055) were not significantly associated with a lower TWA. TCA use (p = 0.12; Cohen’s d = 0.225) and SNRI use (p = 0.11; Cohen’s d = 0.227) were also not significantly associated with a prolonged QTc. Conclusion: We did not find evidence that either depressive/anxiety disorder or antidepressant use is associated with abnormalities in TWA or QTc. Earlier found sympathomimetic effects of TCAs and SNRIs are not evident in these measures of cardiac repolarization.}, keywords = {autonomic nervous system, cardiac repolarization, depression, anxiety, antidepressant}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Association_between_depression__anxiety__and_antidepressant_use_with_t-wave_amplitude_and_QT-interval.pdf}, DOI = {10.3389/fnins.2018.00375}, author = {Hu, Mandy X. and Lamers, Femke and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. and de Geus, Eco J.C.} } @Article { HuLNWdP2018, title = {Bidirectional prospective associations between cardiac autonomic activity and inflammatory marker}, journal = {Psychosomatic Medicine}, year = {2018}, month = {6}, volume = {80}, pages = {475-482}, abstract = {Objective: Autonomic nervous system(ANS) imbalance has been cross-sectionally associated with inflammatory processes. Longitudinal studies are needed to shed light on the nature of this relationship. We examined cross-sectional and bidirectional prospective associations between cardiac autonomic measures and inflammatory markers. Methods: Analyses were conducted with baseline (n = 2823), 2-year (n = 2099), and 6-year (n = 1774) data fromthe Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. To compare the pattern of results, prospective analyses with ANS (during sleep, leisure time, and work) and inflammation were conducted in two data sets from the Netherlands Twin Register measured for 4.9 years (n = 356) and 5.4 years (n = 472). Autonomic nervous systemmeasures were heart rate (HR) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Inflammatory markers were C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6. Results: The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety results showed that higher HR and lower RSAwere cross-sectionally significantly associated with higher inflammatory levels. Higher HR predicted higher levels of CRP (B = .065, p < .001) and IL-6 (B = .036, p = .014) at follow-up. Higher CRP levels predicted lower RSA (B = ?.024, p = .048) at follow-up. The Netherlands Twin Register results confirmed that higher HR was associated with higher CRP and IL-6 levels 4.9 years later. Higher IL-6 levels predicted higher HR and lower RSA at follow-up. Conclusions: Autonomic imbalance is associated with higher levels of inflammation. Independent data from two studies converge in evidence that higher HR predicts subsequent higher levels of CRP and IL-6. Inflammatory markers may also predict future ANS activity, but evidence for this was less consistent.}, keywords = {autonomic nervous system, inflammation, longitudinal, vagal activity.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Bidirectional_Prospective_Associations_between_cardiac_autonomic_activity_and_inflammatory_markers.pdf}, DOI = {10.1097/PSY.0000000000000589}, author = {Hu, Mandy X. and Lamers, Femke and Neijts, Melanie and Willemsen, Gonneke and de Geus, Eco J.C. and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H.} } @Article { SmariusvSDGVd2018, title = {Effect of excessive infant crying on resting BP, HRV and cardiac autonomic control in childhood}, journal = {Plos One}, year = {2018}, month = {5}, day = {31}, abstract = {Objective: Early life stress has been shown to influence the developing autonomic nervous system. Stressors in infancy may program the autonomic nervous system resting state set point, affecting cardiovascular function in later life. Excessive crying may be an indicator of increased stress arousal in infancy. We hypothesized that excessive infant crying is related to altered cardiac autonomic nervous system activity and increased blood pressure at age 5±6 years. Methods: In the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study, excessive crying, maternal burden of infant care and maternal aggressive behavior in the 13th week after birth (range 11±16 weeks) were reported using questionnaires. Blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability and indicators of cardiac autonomic nervous system activity (sympathetic drive by pre-ejection period, parasympathetic drive by respiratory sinus arrhythmia) were measured at age 5±6 years during rest. Inclusion criteria were singleton birth, term-born, and no reported congenital or cardiovascular problems (N = 2153 included). Results: Excessive crying (2.8\%) was not associated with resting heart rate, heart rate variability, pre-ejection period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia nor with blood pressure at age 5±6 years. Conclusions: Excessive infant crying as an indicator of increased stress arousal does not seem to be related to resting activity of the autonomic nervous system or blood pressure at age 5±6. Potential associations may become visible under stressed conditions.}, keywords = {Excessive crying, blood pressure, heart rate and autonomic control}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Effect_of_excessive_infant_crying_on_resting_BP__HRV_and_cardiac_autonomic_control_in_childhood.pdf}, DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0197508}, author = {Smarius, Laetitia J.C.A. and van Eijsden, Manon and Strieder, Thea G.A. and Doreleijers, Theo A.H. and Gemke, Reinoud J.B.J. and Vrijkotte, Tanja G.M. and de Rooij, Susanne R.} } @Article { BeijersWBLvdPS2018, title = {Biomarker-based subtyping of depression and anxiety disorders using Latent Class Analysis. A NESDA study}, journal = {Psychological Medicine}, year = {2018}, month = {4}, day = {19}, abstract = {Background. Etiological research of depression and anxiety disorders has been hampered by diagnostic heterogeneity. In order to address this, researchers have tried to identify more homogeneous patient subgroups. This work has predominantly focused on explaining interpersonal heterogeneity based on clinical features (i.e. symptom profiles). However, to explain interpersonal variations in underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, it might be more effective to take biological heterogeneity as the point of departure when trying to identify subgroups. Therefore, this study aimed to identify data-driven subgroups of patients based on biomarker profiles. Methods. Data of patients with a current depressive and/or anxiety disorder came from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, a large, multi-site naturalistic cohort study (n = 1460). Thirty-six biomarkers (e.g. leptin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tryptophan) were measured, as well as sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Latent class analysis of the discretized (lower 10\%, middle, upper 10\%) biomarkers were used to identify different patient clusters. Results. The analyses resulted in three classes, which were primarily characterized by different levels of metabolic health: ‘lean’ (21.6\%), ‘average’ (62.2\%) and ‘overweight’ (16.2\%). Inspection of the classes’ clinical features showed the highest levels of psychopathology, severity and medication use in the overweight class. Conclusions. The identified classes were strongly tied to general (metabolic) health, and did not reflect any natural cutoffs along the lines of the traditional diagnostic classifications. Our analyses suggested that especially poor metabolic health could be seen as a distal marker for depression and anxiety, suggesting a relationship between the ‘overweight’ subtype and internalizing psychopathology.}, keywords = {Anxiety; biomarkers; depression; latent class analysis; subtyping}, url = {/vuams-pubs/biomarkerbased_subtyping_of_depression_and_anxiety_disorders_using_latent_class_analysis_a_nesda_study.pdf}, DOI = {10.1017/S0033291718001307}, author = {Beijers, Lian and Wardenaar, Klaas J. and Bosker, Fokko J. and Lamers, Femke and van Grootheest, Gerard and de Boer, Marrit K. and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. and Schoevers, Robert A.} } @Article { TrotmanWQV2018, title = {Challenge and threat states: examining cardiovascular, cognitive and affective responses to two distinct laboratory stress tasks}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2018}, volume = {126}, pages = {42-51}, abstract = {Background: The theory of challenge and threat states in athletes (TCTSA) proposes psychological antecedents will predict psychological and cardiovascular responses to stress. The present study investigated this theory in two contextually different stress tasks. Method: 78 males completed a computerised competition and a public speaking task. Cardiovascular activity was measured with impedance cardiography and a blood pressure monitor. Challenge and threat antecedents, indicators of challenge and threat and emotions were assessed pre- and post-tasks. Results: Both tasks induced significant perturbations in cardiovascular activity and were perceived as highly challenging. Reported perceived threat was higher in the public speaking task compared to the competition task. Associations between the proposed antecedents, self-report and cardiovascular indices of challenge and threat and emotions support the TCTSA for the competition task, but less so for the public speaking task. Conclusion: The TCTSA is supported during competitive stress, however during social stress there is dissociation between self-report appraisals and cardiovascular reactivity.}, keywords = {Cardiovascular reactivity, Challenge and threat, TCTSA Biopsychosocial, Cognitive appraisals, Psychological stress}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Challange and threat states_Trotman et al. 2018.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.004}, author = {Trotman, Gavin P. and Williams, Sarah E. and Quinton, Mary L. and Veldhuijzen van Zanten, Jet J.C.S.} } @Article { SmariusSDVd2018, title = {Maternal verbally aggressive behavior in early infancy is associated with blood pressure at age 5–6}, journal = {Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease}, year = {2018}, pages = {1-7}, abstract = {Early life stress has been shown to contribute to alterations in biobehavioral regulation. Whereas many different forms of childhood adversities have been studied in relation to cardiovascular outcomes, very little is known about potential associations between caregivers’ verbally aggressive behavior and heart rate and blood pressure in the child. This prospective study examined whether maternal verbally aggressive behavior in early infancy is associated with heart rate or blood pressure at age 5–6. In the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study, a large prospective, population-based birth cohort, maternal verbally aggressive behavior was assessed by questionnaire in the 13th week after birth. The child’s blood pressure and heart rate were measured during rest at age 5–6 (n=2553 included). Maternal verbally aggressive behavior in infancy was associated with a higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) both in supine and sitting position after adjustment for sex, height and age (SBP supine B=1.01 mmHg; 95\% CI [0.06; 1.95] and SPB sitting B=1.29 mmHg; 95\% CI [0.12; 2.46]). Adjustment for potential confounding variables, such as other mother–infant dyad aspects, family hypertension and child’s BMI, only slightly attenuated the associations (SBP supine B=0.99 mmHg; 95\% CI [0.06; 1.93] and SPB sitting B=1.11 mmHg; 95\% CI [ ? 0.06; 2.27]). Maternal verbally aggressive behavior was not associated with diastolic blood pressure or heart rate at age 5–6. Maternal verbally aggressive behavior might be an important early life stressor with negative impact on blood pressure later in life, which should be further investigated. Possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.}, keywords = {blood pressure; early life stress; infancy; maternal verbal aggressive behavior; verbal abuse}, url = {/vuams-pubs/maternal_verbally_aggressive_behavior_in_early_infancy_Smarius et al.2018.pdf}, DOI = {10.1017/S2040174418000041}, author = {Smarius, L. J. C. A. and Strieder, T. G. A. and Doreleijers, T. A. H. and Vrijkotte, T. G. M. and de Rooij, S. R.} } @Article { MeijersHMCS2018, title = {Reduced Self-Control after 3 Months of Imprisonment; A Pilot Study}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Background: Prison can be characterized as an mpoverished environment encouraging a sedentary lifestyle with limited autonomy and social interaction, which may negatively affect self-control and executive function. Here, we aim to study the effects of imprisonment on self-control and executive functions, and we report the change in neuropsychological outcome after 3 months of imprisonment. Materials and Methods: Participants were 37 male inmates in a remand prison in Amsterdam, Netherlands, who completed six tests of a computerized neuropsychological test battery (the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery) in the first week of arrival. Participants were retested after 3 months of imprisonment. Change in performance was tested using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Results: After 3 months of imprisonment, risk taking significantly increased (measured as an increase in the proportion of available points used for betting) and attention significantly deteriorated (measured as increased variability in reaction times on a sustained attention task), with large to medium effect sizes. In contrast, planning significantly improved (measured with a task analog to the Tower of London) with a medium effect size. Discussion: Our study suggests that 3 months of imprisonment in an impoverished environment may lead to reduced self-control, measured as increased risk taking and reduced attentional performance. This is a significant and societally relevant finding, as released prisoners may be less capable of living a lawful life than they were prior to their imprisonment, and may be more prone to impulsive risk-taking behavior. In other words, the impoverished environment may contribute to an enhanced risk of reoffending.}, keywords = {prison, executive functions, impoverished environment, self-control, impulsivity, offenders, CANTAB}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Reduced self control_Meijers et al. 2018.pdf}, DOI = {10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00069}, author = {Meijers, Jesse and Harte, Joke M. and Meynen, Gerben and Cuijpers, Pim and Scherder, Erik J. A.} } @Article { NederenddKWBt2018, title = {Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Cardiac Function in Children after Coarctation Repair}, journal = {The Annals of Thoracic Surgery}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Background. Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. Due to improved surgical techniques, most patients live into adulthood. However, late complications including hypertension, recoarctation and arrhythmias are common. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) might play a role in the pathology. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac ANS activity and cardiac function in children after CoA repair and investigate the relationship between the two. Methods. 31 children after CoA repair and 62 healthy controls aged between 8 and 18 years old participated in the study. By the use of ambulatory impedance cardiography, cardiac ANS activity and cardiac output were measured for 24h. Cardiac function was measured by the use of transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Results. No group differences were found in ambulatory cardiac ANS. However ambulatory cardiac output and left ventricular function were significantly decreased in patients compared to controls. Conclusions. Left ventricular function and ambulatory cardiac output are impaired in patients after CoA repair, despite unchanged cardiac ANS activity in this group. These results underscore the importance of clinical follow up, even in patients without residual stenosis.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/ANS children coarctic repair_Nederend et al.2018.pdf}, state = {accepted}, DOI = {10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.01.084}, author = {Nederend, Ineke and de Geus, Eco J.C. and Kroft, Lucia J.M. and Westenberg, Jos J.M. and Blom, Nico A. and ten Harkel, Arend D.J.} } @Article { OldenhofPAe2018, title = {Baseline autonomic nervous system activity in female children and adolescents with conduct disorder: Psychophysiological findings from the FemNAT-CD study}, journal = {Journal of Criminal Justice}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Purpose: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning has been widely studied in relation to antisocial behavior, such as Conduct Disorder (CD). However, research in females is scarce and findings are inconsistent. This study investigated baseline ANS activity in CD children and adolescents and tested for sex differences. Furthermore, subgroups of CD were investigated: +/? Limited Prosocial Emotions (LPE), +/? comorbid internalizing disorders (INT). Methods: Baseline ANS activity was measured by Heart Rate (HR), Heart Rate Variability (HRV; parasympathetic activity), Pre-Ejection Period (PEP; sympathetic activity), and Respiration Rate (RR). 659 females (296 CD, 363 controls) and 351 males (187 CD, 164 controls), aged 9–18 years participated. Results: Baseline HR, HRV and PEP did not differ between CD subjects and controls in both sexes. RR was higher in CD participants than controls amongst females, but not males. LPE was unrelated to ANS activity, whereas females with CD+INT presented lower HRV. Conclusions: These results suggest that baseline ANS activity is not a robust indicator for CD. However, deviant ANS activity – especially parasympathetic activity - was observed in CD females with internalizing comorbidity.}, keywords = {Conduct disorder, Psychophysiology, Autonomic nervous system, Sex differences, Emotion regulation}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Baseline_autonomic_nervous_system_activity_in_female_children_andadolescents_with_conduct_disorder_Psychophysiological_findings_from_theFemNATCD_study.pdf}, state = {unpublished}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.05.011}, author = {Oldenhof, Helena and Pr{\"a}tzlich, Martin and Ackermann, Katharina and et al.} } @Article { PratzlichOS2018, title = {Resting autonomic nervous system activity is unrelated to antisocial behaviour dimensions in adolescents: Cross-sectional findings from a European multi-centre study}, journal = {Journal of Criminal Justice}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Purpose: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning has long been studied in relation to antisocial behaviour, but relevant measures (heart rate, heart rate variability, pre-ejection period, respiration rate) have rarely been considered together. This study investigated the relationship between these measures and antisocial behaviour. Methods: Using a sample of 1010 youths with (47.8\%) and without conduct disorder (52.2\%) aged between 9 and 18 years (659 females, 351 males, mean age =14.2 years, SD =2.4), principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to various measures of psychopathology and antisocial behavior. Structural equation modelling was performed in order to test whether the ANS measures predicted PCA-dimensions. Cluster analysis was used in order to classify patterns of ANS activity. Analyses were performed separately for males/females and controlled for body-mass-index, age, caffeine use, cigarette smoking, sports, socioeconomic status, medication, cardiac problems. Results: The PCA yielded three components: antisocial behaviour/comorbid psychopathology, narcissistic traits, and callous-unemotional traits. ANS measures were only weakly correlated with these components. Cluster analysis yielded high and low arousal clusters in both sexes. When controlling for covariates, all associations disappeared.}, keywords = {Autonomic nervous system, Antisocial behaviour, Callous-unemotional traits, Smoking, Cluster analysis, Sex}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Resting ANS antisocial behavior_Pratzlich et al.2018.pdf}, state = {unpublished}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.01.004}, author = {Pr{\"a}tzlich, Martin and Oldenhof, Helena and Steppan et al., Martin} } @Article { NelsonBe2017, title = {Adolescent Sympathetic Activity and Salivary C-Reactive Protein:The Effects of Parental Behavior}, journal = {Health Psychology}, year = {2017}, month = {7}, day = {18}, abstract = {Objective: This study utilized a novel multisystem approach to investigate the effect of observed parental behavior on the relationship between biological mechanisms associated with disease processes (i.e., autonomic physiology and immune response) among their adolescent children. Method: Thirty-three adolescents (23 males), aged 11–13, and their parents participated in a laboratory session in which adolescents provided baseline measures of autonomic (sympathetic) activity, and adolescents and 1 parent participated in a laboratory based dyadic conflict resolution interaction task. This included 3 male parent/male adolescent dyads, 20 female parent/male adolescent dyads, 3 male parent/female adolescent dyads, and 7 female parent/female adolescent dyads. Approximately 3 years later, adolescents provided a salivary measure of C-Reactive Protein (sCRP) to index inflammation. Results: Analyses revealed a positive association between sympathetic activity and sCRP, as well as a moderating role of positive parental behavior in this relationship, such that the association between sympathetic activity and sCRP was greater among adolescents whose parents displayed shorter duration of positive affect. Conclusions: Overall findings indicate parental behavior may influence the association between adolescent sympathetic activity and inflammatory processes. These findings have important implications for understanding the impact of psychosocial factors on biological mechanisms of disease.}, keywords = {adolescence, C-reactive protein, parental behavior, pre-ejection period}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Nelsonetal.2017-AdolescentSNS_C-ReactiveProtein_Nelson et al.2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1037/hea0000516}, author = {Nelson, Benjamin W. and Byrne, Michelle L. and et al.} } @Article { VogelBVBBKP2017, title = {Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and stress-relatedbiomarkers}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2017}, volume = {79}, pages = {31-39}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The current study examined whether (a) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms were associated with dysregulation of stress-related mechanisms, and (b) whether ADHD symptoms interact with affective disorders in their association with dysregulated stress-related mechanisms. METHODS: Data were obtained from 2307 subjects participating in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Stress-related mechanisms were reflected by the following biomarkers: (1) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis indicators (salivary cortisol awakening curve, evening cortisol, cortisol suppression after a 0.5mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST)); (2) autonomic nervous system measures (heart rate, pre-ejection period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia); (3) inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha); (4) brain-derived neurotrophic factor. ADHD symptoms were measured using Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale and used both dichotomous (High ADHD symptoms (yes/no)) and continuous (Inattentive symptoms, Hyperactive/Impulsive symptoms, and the ADHD index). RESULTS: Regression analyses showed associations between High ADHD symptoms, Inattentive symptoms, the ADHD index and a higher cortisol awakening curve, between Hyperactive/Impulsive symptoms and less cortisol suppression after DST, and between Inattentive symptoms and a longer pre-ejection period. However, the associations with the cortisol awakening curve disappeared after adjustment for depressive and anxiety disorders. No associations were observed between ADHD symptoms and inflammatory markers or BDNF. ADHD symptoms did not interact with affective disorders in dysregulation of stress-related mechanisms. CONCLUSION: Some associations were observed between ADHD symptoms, the HPA-axis, and the pre-ejection period, but these were mostly driven by depressive and anxiety disorders. This study found no evidence that ADHD symptomatology was associated with dysregulations in inflammatory markers and BDNF. Consequently, ADHD symptoms did not confer an added risk to the disturbances of stress-related mechanisms in an - already at-risk - population with affective disorders.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Vogel_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.02.009}, author = {Vogel, S.W.N. and Bijlenga, D. and Verduijn, J. and Bron, T.I. and Beekman, A.T.F. and Kooij, J.J.S. and Penninx, B.W.J.H.} } @Article { VerasteguiTenaSvP2017, title = {Beyond expectations: The responses of the autonomic nervous system to visual food cues}, journal = {Physiology \& Behavior}, year = {2017}, volume = {179}, pages = {478-486}, abstract = {Self-report measures rely on cognitive and rational processes and may not, therefore, be the most suitable tools to investigate implicit or unconscious factors within a sensory experience. The responses from the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which are not susceptible to bias due to their involuntary nature, may provide a better insight. Expectations are important for the consumer-product interaction and should be considered. However, research using ANS responses has not focused thoroughly on expectations. Our aim was to investigate the mechanisms underlying ANS responses by evaluating the reactions to different images when expectations about a product are created (before tasting the product) and when they are confirmed and disconfirmed (after tasting the product). In a first study, seventy-five participants tasted four drinks (three identical soy-based drinks and one ricebased drink) and were told that they would be shown their main ingredient either before or after tasting. For the three identical drinks, the images shown were: worms, chocolate, and soy. Heart rate and skin conductance were measured during the procedure. The results showed that ANS responses followed similar patterns when images were presented before or after tasting. Heart rate decreased for all images, with the largest decrease found for chocolate and worms. Skin conductance increased, with the largest increase found for worms. To test whether the effects were solely caused by image perception, a second study was done in which forty participants only saw the images. The responses obtained were smaller and did not completely match those of the first study. In conclusion, it could be said that the ANS responses of the first study were a result of the sensory processing and defense mechanisms happening during the creation and (dis)confirmation of expectations. The second study confirmed that visual perception alone could not account for these effects and that it led to smaller changes. Hence, it seems that the context of use influences the patterns and magnitude of ANS responses to food cues.}, keywords = {ANS, Expectations, Heart rate, Skin conductance, Image perception, Tasting}, url = {/vuams-pubs/ Verastegui-Tena_Physiology___Behavior_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.07.025}, author = {Verastegui-Tena, Luz and Schulte-Holierhoek, Aurelia and van der Trijp, Hans and Piqueras-Fiszman, Betina} } @Article { ThurstonCBvJSLM2017, title = {Child Abuse and Neglect and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease Among Midlife Women}, journal = {Psychosomatic Medicine}, year = {2017}, volume = {79}, number = {4}, pages = {441-449}, abstract = {Objective: A childhood history of abuse or neglect may be associated with elevated adult cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. No studies have examined associations between child abuse/neglect and subclinical CVD using a validated measure of abuse and neglect.We hypothesized that midlife women with a history of childhood abuse or neglect would have increased subclinical CVD beyond standard CVD risk factors. We tested moderation of associations by sleep, hot flashes, and race/ ethnicity. Methods: Two hundred ninety-five midlife women completed the Child Trauma Questionnaire, physiologic hot flash and actigraphic sleep monitoring, blood draw, and carotid ultrasound (intima media thickness [IMT]; plaque). Relations between abuse/neglect and outcomes were tested in linear regression models adjusting for demographic, psychosocial, and CVD risk factors. Interactions with sleep, hot flashes, and race/ethnicity were tested. Results: Forty-five percent of women reported a history of child abuse or neglect. Women with any child abuse or neglect had higher IMT [b(SE) = .039 (.011), p = .001] and carotid plaque [odds ratio (95\% [CI] = 1.95 [1.15–3.33]); p = .014] than nonabused/neglected women. Furthermore, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and emotional neglect were associated with higher subclinical CVD. Sexual abuse was associated with higher IMT among nonwhite women. Interactions with sleep time and sleep hot flashes (p values < .05) indicated that higher subclinical CVD with an abuse/neglect history was observed primarily among women sleeping less than 6 hours/night or with sleep hot flashes. Conclusions: A history of child abuse or neglect is associated with higher subclinical CVD in women, particularly when paired with short sleep or hot flashes. Findings underscore the importance of childhood adversity in midlife women's CVD risk.}, keywords = {atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, abuse, violence, sex, women.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Thurston_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1097/PSY.0000000000000400}, author = {Thurston, Rebecca and Chang, Yuefang and Barinas-Mitchell, Emma and von K{\"a}nel, Roland and Jennings,, Richard and Santoro, Nanette and Landsittel, Doug and Matthews, Karen} } @Article { MeijersHMC2017, title = {Differences in executive functioning between violent and non-violent offenders}, journal = {Psychological Medicine}, year = {2017}, volume = {47}, pages = {1784-1793}, abstract = {Background. A growing body of neuropsychological and neurobiological research shows a relationship between functioning of the prefrontal cortex and criminal and violent behaviour. The prefrontal cortex is crucial for executive functions such as inhibition, attention, working memory, set-shifting and planning. A deficit in these functions – a prefrontal deficit – may result in antisocial, impulsive or even aggressive behaviour. While several meta-analyses show large effect sizes for the relationship between a prefrontal deficit, executive dysfunction and criminality, there are few studies investigating differences in executive functions between violent and non-violent offenders. Considering the relevance of identifying risk factors for violent offending, the current study explores whether a distinction between violent and non-violent offenders can be made using an extensive neuropsychological test battery. Method. Male remand prisoners (N = 130) in Penitentiary Institution Amsterdam Over-Amstel were administered an extensive neuropsychological test battery (Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery; CANTAB) measuring response inhibition, planning, attention, set-shifting, working memory and impulsivity/reward sensitivity. Results. Violent offenders performed significantly worse on the stop-signal task (partial correlation r = 0.205, p = 0.024), a task measuring response inhibition. No further differences were found between violent and non-violent offenders. Explorative analyses revealed a significant relationship between recidivism and planning (partial correlation r =?0.209, p = 0.016). Conclusion. Violent offenders show worse response inhibition compared to non-violent offenders, suggesting a more pronounced prefrontal deficit in violent offenders than in non-violent offenders.}, keywords = {CANTAB, executive function, inhibition, neuropsychology, offenders, prison}, url = {/vuams-pubs/differences_executive_functioning_offenders_Meijers et al.2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1017/S0033291717000241}, author = {Meijers, J. and Harte, J.M. and Meynen, G. and Cuijpers, P.} } @Article { VerasteguiTenavP2017, title = {Heart rate and skin conductance responses to taste, taste novelty, and the (dis)confirmation of expectations}, journal = {Food Quality and Preference}, year = {2017}, volume = {65}, pages = {1-9}, abstract = {It is unclear whether the responses of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can measure how people respond to food. Results focused on emotional responses are contradictory; therefore, the focus has shifted to other components of emotion, such as appraisals. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the differences in ANS responses related to appraisals; particularly taste novelty, valence, and the disconfirmation of expectations. A hundred and fifty-five participants joined this study. They tasted samples of different valence (sweet and bitter) twice: the first time without knowing the taste and the second while being informed of the taste. After this first block, participants tasted two additional samples: one that confirmed expectations and one that disconfirmed them. Heart rate and skin conductance were measured. Results show that the second experience with a taste led to cardiac deceleration. Heart rate changes were only related to valence when participants’ expectations were (dis)confirmed. Heart rate decreased for those tastes that disconfirmed expectations and increased for those that confirmed them and the sweet sample had larger increases in heart rate than the bitter. Skin conductance changed in regards to novelty and valence but not to the disconfirmation of expectations. It increased for the bitter sample, decreased for the sweet, and was always higher during the first experience than during the second. In conclusion, the results suggest that cardiac responses are more sensitive to novelty and the disconfirmation of expectations while skin conductance responses capture novelty and valence.}, keywords = {Autonomic nervous system, Heart rate, Skin conductance, Taste, Novelty,Expectations}, url = {/vuams-pubs/HR_SCL_taste_Verastegui-Tena et al.2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.12.012}, author = {Verastegui-Tena, Luz and van Trijp, Hans and Piqueras-Fiszman, Betina} } @Article { NederendtBBd2017, title = {Impedance cardiography in healthy children and children with congenital heart disease: Improving stroke volume assessment}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2017}, volume = {120}, pages = {136-147}, abstract = {Introduction: Stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output are important measures in the clinical evaluation of cardiac patients and are also frequently used in research applications. This study was aimed to improve SV scoring derived from spot-electrode based impedance cardiography (ICG) in a pediatric population of healthy volunteers and patients with a corrected congenital heart defect. Methods: 128 healthy volunteers and 66 patients participated. First, scoring methods for ambiguous ICG signals were optimized to improve agreement of B- and X-points with aortic valve opening/closure in simultaneously recorded transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Building on the improved scoring of B- and X-points, the Kubicek equation for SV estimation was optimized by testing the agreement with the simultaneously recorded SV by TTE. Both steps were initially done in a subset of the sample of healthy children and then validated in the remaining subset of healthy children and in a sample of patients. Results: SV assessment by ICG in healthy children strongly improved (intra class correlation increased from 0.26 to 0.72) after replacing baseline thorax impedance (Z0) in the Kubicek equation by an equation (7.337–6.208 ? dZ/dtmax), where dZ/dtmax is the amplitude of the ICG signal at the C-point. Reliable SV assessment remained more difficult in patients compared to healthy controls. Conclusions: After proper adjustment of the Kubicek equation, SV assessed by the use of spot-electrode based ICG is comparable to that obtained from TTE. This approach is highly feasible in a pediatric population and can be used in an ambulatory setting.}, keywords = {Impedance cardiography, Stroke volume, Children, Congenital heart disease, Pre-ejection period, Left ventricular ejection time}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Nederend_et_al_International_Journal_of_Psychophysiology_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.07.015}, author = {Nederend, Ineke and ten Harkel, Arend D.J. and Blom, Nico A. and Bemtson, Gary G. and de Geus, Eco J.C.} } @Article { SuurlandvHvS2017_2, title = {Infant Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Activity during Baseline, Stress and Recovery: Interactions with Prenatal Adversity Predict Physical Aggression in Toddlerhood}, journal = {J Abnorm Child Psychol}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Abstract Exposure to prenatal adversity is associated with aggression later in life. Individual differences in autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning, specifically nonreciprocal activation of the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems, increase susceptibility to aggression, especially in the context of adversity. Previous work examining interactions between early adversity and ANS functioning in infancy is scarce and has not examined interaction between PNS and SNS. This study examined whether the PNS and SNS moderate the relation between cumulative prenatal risk and early physical aggression in 124 children (57\% male). Cumulative risk (e.g., maternal psychiatric disorder, substance (ab)use, and social adversity) was assessed during pregnancy. Parasympathetic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and sympathetic pre-ejection period (PEP) at baseline, in response to and during recovery from emotional challenge were measured at 6 months. Physical aggression and non-physical aggression/ oppositional behavior were measured at 30 months. The results showed that cumulative prenatal risk predicted elevated physical aggression and non-physical aggression/oppositional behavior in toddlerhood; however, the effects on physical aggression were moderated by PNS and SNS functioning. Specifically, the effects of cumulative risk on physical aggression were particularly evident in children characterized by low baseline PNS activity and/or by nonreciprocal activity of the PNS and SNS, characterized by decreased activity (i.e., coinhibition) or increased activity (i.e., coactivation) of both systems at baseline and/or in response to emotional challenge. These findings extend our understanding of the interaction between perinatal risk and infant ANS functioning on developmental outcome.}, keywords = {Aggression . Stress reactivity . Respiratory sinus arrhythmia . Pre-ejection period . Prenatal risk . Infancy}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Infant_PNS_SNS_Suurland et al.2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1007/s10802-017-0337-y}, author = {Suurland, J. and van der Heijden, K.B. and Huijbregts, S.C.J. and van Goozen, S.H.M. and Swaab, H.} } @Article { HuLdP2017, title = {Influences of lifestyle factors on cardiac autonomic nervous system activity over time}, journal = {Preventive Medicine}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Physical activity, alcohol use and smoking might affect cardiovascular disease through modifying autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. We investigated: 1) whether there are consistent relationships between lifestyle factors and cardiac ANS activity over time, and 2) whether 2-year changes in lifestyle factors relate to 2-year changes in cardiac activity. Baseline (n=2618) and 2-year follow-up (n=2010) data of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety was combined. Baseline data was collected in the Netherlands from 2004-2007. Lifestyle factors were habitual physical activity, frequency of sport activities, alcohol use, and smoking. Indicators of cardiac activity were heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP) (100min of registration). The results showed that high physical activity (-1.8beats/min compared to low activity), high frequency of sport activities ('couple of times/week': -2.5beats/min compared to 'almost never') and mild/moderate alcohol use (-1.2beats/min compared to non-drinking) were related to low HR. Heavy smoking was related to high HR (>30cigarettes/day: +5.1beats/min compared to non-smoking). High frequency of sport activities was associated with high RSA ('couple of times/week':+1.7ms compared to 'almost never') and moderate smoking with longer PEP (11-20cigarettes/day: +2.8ms compared to non-smoking). Associations were consistent across waves. Furthermore, 2-year change in frequency of sport activities and number of smoked cigarettes/day was accompanied by 2-year change in HR (?=-0.076 and ?=0.101, respectively) and RSA (?=0.046 and ?=-0.040, respectively). Our findings support consistent effects of lifestyle on HR and parasympathetic activity in the expected direction. Cardiac autonomic dysregulation may be partly mediating the relationship between lifestyle and subsequent cardiovascular health.}, keywords = {Alcohol use; Autonomic nervous system; Lifestyle; Physical activity; Smoking}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Hu2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.003}, author = {Hu, Mandy and Lamers, F and de Geus, Eco and Penninx, Brenda} } @Article { SuurlandvHvS2017, title = {Interaction between prenatal risk and infant parasympathetic and sympathetic stress reactivity predicts early aggression}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, year = {2017}, volume = {128}, pages = {98-104}, abstract = {Nonreciprocal action of the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems, increases susceptibility to emotional and behavioral problems in children exposed to adversity. Little is known about the PNS and SNS in interaction with early adversity during infancy. Yet this is when the physiological systems involved in emotion regulation are emerging and presumably most responsive to environmental influences. We examined whether parasympathetic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and sympathetic pre-ejection period (PEP) response and recovery at six months, moderate the association between cumulative prenatal risk and physical aggression at 20 months (N=113). Prenatal risk predicted physical aggression, but only in infants exhibiting coactivation of PNS and SNS (i.e., increase in RSA and decrease in PEP) in response to stress. These findings indicate that coactivation of the PNS and SNS in combination with prenatal risk is a biological marker for the development of aggression.}, keywords = {Aggression, Stress reactivity, Autonomic nervous system, Prenatal risk Infancy}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Suurland_Biological_Psychology_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.005}, author = {Suurland, J. and van der Heijden, K.B. and Huijbregts, S.C.J. and van Goozen, S.H.M. and Swaab, H.} } @Article { ThurstonCBJvLM2017, title = {Physiologically assessed hot flashes and endothelial function among midlife women}, journal = {Menopause: The Journal of The North American Menopause Society}, year = {2017}, volume = {24}, number = {8}, pages = {886-893}, abstract = {Objective: Hot flashes are experienced by most midlife women. Emerging data indicate that they may be associated with endothelial dysfunction. No studies have tested whether hot flashes are associated with endothelial function using physiologic measures of hot flashes. We tested whether physiologically assessed hot flashes were associated with poorer endothelial function. We also considered whether age modified associations. Methods: Two hundred seventy-two nonsmoking women reporting either daily hot flashes or no hot flashes, aged 40 to 60 years, and free of clinical cardiovascular disease, underwent ambulatory physiologic hot flash and diary hot flash monitoring; a blood draw; and ultrasound measurement of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation to assess endothelial function. Associations between hot flashes and flow-mediated dilation were tested in linear regression models controlling for lumen diameter, demographics, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and estradiol. Results: In multivariable models incorporating cardiovascular disease risk factors, significant interactions by age (P<0.05) indicated that among the younger tertile of women in the sample (age 40-53 years), the presence of hot flashes (beta [standard error]¼2.07 [0.79], P¼0.01), and more frequent physiologic hot flashes (for each hot flash: beta [standard error]¼0.10 [0.05], P¼0.03, multivariable) were associated with lower flow-mediated dilation. Associations were not accounted for by estradiol. Associations were not observed among the older women (age 54-60 years) or for self-reported hot flash frequency, severity, or bother. Among the younger women, hot flashes explained more variance in flow-mediated dilation than standard cardiovascular disease risk factors or estradiol. Conclusions: Among younger midlifewomen, frequent hot flasheswere associatedwith poorer endothelial function and may provide information about women’s vascular status beyond cardiovascular disease risk factors and estradiol.}, keywords = {Endothelial function – Hot flashes – Menopause – Vasomotor symptoms}, url = {/vuams-pubs/hot flashes_Thurston et al.2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1097/GME.0000000000000857}, author = {Thurston, Rebecca C. and Chang, Yuefang and Barinas-Mitchell, Emma and Jennings, J. Richard and von Kanel, Roland and Landsittel, Doug P. and Matthews, Karen A.} } @Article { BraekenJONv2017, title = {Potential benefits of mindfulness during pregnancy on maternal autonomic nervous system function and infant development}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2017}, volume = {54}, pages = {279-288}, abstract = {Mindfulness is known to decrease psychological distress. Possible benefits in pregnancy have rarely been explored. Our aim was to examine the prospective association of mindfulness with autonomic nervous system function during pregnancy and with later infant social-emotional development. Pregnant women (N5156) completed self-report mindfulness and emotional distress questionnaires, and had their autonomic function assessed in their first and third trimesters, including heart rate (HR), indices of heart rate variability (HRV), preejection period (PEP), and systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The social-emotional development of 109 infants was assessed at 4 months of age. More mindful pregnant women had less prenatal and postnatal emotional distress (p<.001) and higher cardiac parasympathetic activity: root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD: p5.03) and high-frequency (HF) HRV (p5.02). Between the first and third trimesters, women’s overall HR increased (p<.001), and HRV (RMSSD, HF HRV, and low-frequency (LF) HRV: p<.001) and PEP decreased (p<.001). In more mindful mothers, parasympathetic activity decreased less (RMSSD: p5.01; HF HRV: p5.03) and sympathetic activity (inversely related to PEP) increased less (PEP: p5.02) between trimesters. Their offspring displayed less negative social-emotional behavior (p5.03) compared to offspring of less mindful mothers. Mindfulness in pregnancy was associated with ANS changes likely to be adaptive and with better social-emotional offspring development. Interventions to increase mindfulness during pregnancy might improve maternal and offspring health, but randomized trials are needed to demonstrate this.}, keywords = {Mindfulness, Autonomic nervous system, Emotional distress, Pregnancy, Offspring’s social emotional development}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Braeken_et_al-2017-Psychophysiology.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/psyp.12782}, author = {Braeken, Marijke A.K.A. and Jones, Alexanders and Otte, Ren{\'e}e A. and Nyklicek, Ivan and van den Bergh, Bea R.H.} } @Article { SchulteHolierhoekVGPS2017, title = {Sensory expectation, perception, and autonomic nervous system responses to package colours and product popularity}, journal = {Food Quality and Preference}, year = {2017}, volume = {62}, pages = {60-70}, abstract = {Consumers’ perception of, and behaviour towards, products are influenced by extrinsic cues, including packaging and social norms. However, the understanding of this process is unsatisfactorily captured by questionnaires. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses can be used to measure implicit consumer responses. The aim of this work was to assess how packaging cues and social norms influence product expectation, product perception, and ANS responses. Ninety-eight adults (age: 23.3 ± 3.2 years; BMI: 21.3 ± 2.2 kg/m2) first viewed four images of a yogurt package modified in hue (blue/red), brightness (high/low), and saturation (high/low) and two dummies alongside a fictitious product popularity score. After each image presentation, participants rated their expectations of the yogurt, tasted, and rated their perception of it. Expectations and the perception of liking, healthiness, sweetness, and flavour intensity were rated on 100-unit VAS scales. Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance response (SCR) to the image and tasting were measured. The darker, saturated red package elicited the lowest expectation of healthiness and the highest expectation of flavour intensity and sweetness. Red packages increased SCR while blue packages decreased them. During yogurt tasting, low product popularity was associated with a stronger decrease in SCR than a high popularity. Overall, the measured ANS responses were small. In conclusion, this study was the first to look at the effect of expectations elicited by a product’s packaging colour and popularity on explicit ratings and ANS responses. We found differences in SCR to package colour and product popularity, suggesting their importance in affecting consumer responses.}, keywords = {Autonomic nervous system, Heart rate, Skin conductance, Descriptive social norm, Packaging, Taste}, url = {/vuams-pubs/ Schulte-Holierhoek_Food_Quality_and_Preference_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.06.017}, author = {Schulte-Holierhoek, Aurelia and Verastegui-Tena, Luz and Goedegebure, Robert P.G. and Piqueras-Fiszman, Betina and Smeets, Paul A.M.} } @Article { ThurstonCvBJHSBM2017, title = {Sleep Characteristics and Carotid Atherosclerosis Among Midlife Women}, journal = {Sleep}, year = {2017}, volume = {40}, number = {2}, abstract = {Introduction: Midlife, which encompasses the menopause transition in women, can be a time of disrupted sleep and accelerated atherosclerosis accumulation. Short or poor sleep quality has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; few studies have investigated relations among midlife women. We tested whether shorter actigraphy sleep time or poorer subjective sleep quality was associated with carotid atherosclerosis among midlife women. Aims and Methods: Two hundred fifty-six peri- and postmenopausal women aged 40–60 years completed 3 days of wrist actigraphy, hot flash monitoring, questionnaires (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI], Berlin), a blood draw, and carotid ultrasound [intima media thickness (IMT), plaque]. Associations of objective (actigraphy) and subjective (PSQI) sleep with IMT/plaque were tested in regression models (covariates: age, race, education, body mass index, blood pressure, lipids, insulin resistance, medications, snoring, depressive symptoms, sleep hot flashes, and estradiol). Results: Shorter objective sleep time was associated with higher odds of carotid plaque (for each hour shorter sleep, plaque score ? 2, odds ratio (OR) [95\% confidence interval, CI] = 1.58 [1.11–2.27], p = .01; plaque score = 1, OR [95\% CI] = 0.95 [0.68–1.32], p = .75, vs. no plaque, multivariable). Poorer subjective sleep quality was associated with higher mean IMT [?, b (standard error, SE) = 0.004 (0.002), p = .03], maximal IMT [b (SE) = 0.009 (0.003), p = .005], and plaque [plaque score ? 2, OR (95\% CI) = 1.23 (1.09–1.40), p = .001; score = 1, OR (95\% CI) = 1.06 (0.93–1.21), p = .37, vs. no plaque] in multivariable models. Findings persisted additionally adjusting for sleep hot flashes and estradiol. Conclusions: Shorter actigraphy-assessed sleep time and poorer subjective sleep quality were associated with increased carotid atherosclerosis among midlife women. Associations persisted adjusting for CVD risk factors, hot flashes, and estradiol.}, keywords = {menopause, sleep, intima media thickness, cardiovascular disease}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Sleep_atherosclerosis_Thurston et al.2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1093/sleep/zsw052}, author = {Thurston, Rebecca C. and Chang, Yuefang and von Kanel, Roland and Barinas-Mitchell, Emma and Jennings, J. Richard and Hall, Martica H. and Santoro, Nanette and Buysse, Daniel J. and Matthews, Karen A.} } @Article { NelemansHBvKM2017, title = {The role of stress reactivity in the long-term persistence of adolescentsocial anxiety symptoms}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, year = {2017}, volume = {125}, pages = {91-104}, abstract = {Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) symptoms demonstrate a marked persistence over time, but little is knownempirically about short-term processes that may account for this long-term persistence. In this study, weexamined how self-reported and physiological stress reactivity were associated with persistence of SADsymptoms from early to late adolescence. A community sample of 327 adolescents (56\% boys, Mage= 13.01at T1) reported their SAD symptoms for 6 successive years and participated in a public speaking task,during which self-reported (i.e., perceived nervousness and heart rate) and physiological (i.e., cortisoland heart rate) measures of stress were taken. Overall, our results point to a developmental processin which adolescents with a developmental history of higher SAD symptoms show both heightenedperceived stress reactivity and heart rate reactivity, which, in turn, predict higher SAD symptoms intolate adolescence.}, keywords = {Social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptomsAdolescenceStress reactivityDevelopmental processesPublic speaking taska}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Nelemans_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.03.003}, author = {Nelemans, S.A. and Hale, W.W. and Branje, S.J.T. and van Lier, P.A.C. and Koot, H.M. and Meeus, W.H.J.} } @Article { PaansBGSBVP2017, title = {Which biopsychosocial variables contribute to more weight gain in depressed persons?}, journal = {Psychiatry Research}, year = {2017}, volume = {254}, pages = {96-103}, abstract = {Depression appears to be associated with weight gain. Little is known about whether this association is independent of, or partly due to, several biopsychosocial variables. This study aims to investigate which biopsychosocial variables contribute to weight gain over a 4-year period in persons with major depressive disorder (MDD) or high depressive symptoms. Data from 1658 adults who participated in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety were used. Baseline depression was measured with a DSM-IV based psychiatric interview and with a depressive symptom measure. Four year weight gain was classified as stable weight (within 5\% gain or loss) versus weight gain (> 5\% gain). Twenty-one baseline psychological, lifestyle and biological variables and antidepressant use were considered as potential contributing variables. In sociodemographic adjusted models, MDD and depressive symptoms were associated with subsequent weight gain. None of the biopsychosocial variables or antidepressants was associated with weight gain, thus did not contribute to the observed increased weight gain risk in depression, except for alcohol intake and TCA use. Future research should explore other potential factors that may be responsible for the increased risk for subsequent weight gain in depression, e.g. unhealthy dietary patterns or eating styles, or underlying intrinsic factors such as genetics.}, keywords = {Depression Weight Mechanisms}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Paans_2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.044}, author = {Paans, Nadine and Bot, Mariska and Gibson-Smith, Deborah and Spinhoven, Philip and Brouwer, Ingeborg and Visser, Marjolein and Penninxa, Brenda} } @Article { HuLPd2017, title = {Temporal stability and drivers of change in cardiac autonomic nervous system activity}, journal = {Autonomic Neuroscience}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Objectives: This study determined temporal stability of ambulatory measured cardiac autonomic activity for different time periods and investigated potential drivers of changes in this activity. Methods: Data was drawn from baseline (n= 2379), 2-year (n =2245), and 6-year (n =1876) follow-up from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Cardiac autonomic activity was measured with heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP). Autonomic temporal stability was determined across 2, 4, and 6 year intervals. We subsequently examined the association between sociodemographics, lifestyle, mental health, cardiometabolic health, and the use of antidepressant and cardiac medication with change in cardiac autonomic activity. Results: Over 2 years, stability was good for HR (ICC =0.703), excellent for RSA (ICC =0.792) and moderate for PEP (ICC= 0.576). Stability decreased for a 4- (HR ICC =0.688, RSA ICC = 0.652 and PEP ICC = 0.387) and 6-year interval (HR ICC =0.633, RSA ICC =0.654 and PEP ICC = 0.355). The most important determinants for increase in HR were (increase in) smoking, increase in body mass index (BMI) and (starting) the use of antidepressants. Beta-blocking/antiarrhythmic drug use led to a decrease in HR. Decrease in RSA was associated with age, smoking and (starting) antidepressant use. Decrease in PEP was associated with age and (increase in) BMI. Conclusions: Cardiac autonomic measures were rather stable over 2 years, but stability decreased with increasing time span. Determinants contributing to cardiac autonomic deterioration were older age, (increase in) smoking and BMI, and (starting) the use of antidepressants. (Starting) the use of cardiac medication improved autonomic function.}, keywords = {Autonomic nervous system, Temporal stability, Longitudinal Lifestyle, Antidepressants, Cardiac medication}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Hu_et_al_Autonomic_Nerusocience_in_press_2017.pdf}, state = {unpublished}, DOI = {10.1016/j.autneu.2017.07.005}, author = {Hu, Mandy X. and Lamers, Femke and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. and de Geus, Eco J.C.} } @Article { BabelJOvPVDJ2016, title = {Do post-trauma symptoms mediate the relation between neurobiological stress parameters and conduct problems in girls?}, journal = {Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health}, year = {2016}, month = {11}, day = {1}, abstract = {Objective Attenuated activity of stress-regulating systems has consistently been reported in boys with conduct problems. Results in studies of girls are inconsistent, which may result from the high prevalence of comorbid post-trauma symptoms. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate post-trauma symptoms as a potential mediator in the relation between stress-regulation systems functioning and conduct problems in female adolescents. Methods The sample consisted of 78 female adolescents (mean age 15.4; SD 1.1) admitted to a closed treatment institution. The diagnosis of disruptive behaviour disorder (DBD) was assessed by a structured interview—the diagnostic interview schedule for children version IV (DISC-IV). To assess post-trauma symptoms and externalizing behaviour problems, self-report questionnaires, youth self report (YSR) and the trauma symptom checklist for Children (TSCC) were used. The cortisol awakenings response (CAR) measured hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity, whereas autonomous nervous system (ANS) activity was assessed by heart rate (HR), pre-ejection period (PEP) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Independent t-tests were used to compare girls with and without DBD, while path analyses tested for the mediating role of post- trauma symptoms in the relation between stress regulating systems and externalizing behaviour. Results Females with DBD (n = 37) reported significantly higher rates of post-trauma symptoms and externalizing behaviour problems than girls without DBD (n = 39). Path analysis found no relation between CAR and externalizing behaviour problems. With regard to ANS activity, positive direct effects on externalizing behaviour problems were present for HR (standardized ? = 0.306, p = 0.020) and PEP (standardized ? = ?0.323, p = 0.031), though not for RSA. Furthermore, no relation—whether direct or indirect—could be determined from post-trauma symptoms. Conclusions Present findings demonstrate that the neurobiological characteristics of female externalizing behaviour differ from males, since girls showed heightened instead of attenuated ANS activity. While the prevalence of post-trauma symptoms was high in girls with DBD, it did not mediate the relation between stress parameters and externalizing behaviour. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.}, keywords = {Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal-axis Autonomic nervous system Conduct problems Post-trauma Girls}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Babel2017.pdf}, DOI = {10.1186/s13034-016-0129-0}, author = {Babel, Kimberly and Jambroes, Tijs and Oostmeijer, Sanne and van de Ven, Peter and Popma, Arne and Vermeiren, Robert and Doreleijers, Theo and Jansen, Lucres} } @Article { HeleniakMOR2016, title = {Cardiovascular reactivity as a mechanism linking child trauma to adolescent psychopathology}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, year = {2016}, month = {10}, volume = {120}, pages = {108–119}, abstract = {Alterations in physiological reactivity to stress are argued to be central mechanisms linking adverse childhood environmental experiences to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Childhood trauma exposure may influence physiological reactivity to stress in distinct ways from other forms of childhood adversity. This study applied a novel theoretical model to investigate the impact of childhood trauma on cardiovascular stress reactivity – the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat. This model suggests that inefficient cardiovascular responses to stress – a threat as opposed to challenge profile – are characterized by blunted cardiac output (CO) reactivity and increased vascular resistance. We examined whether childhood trauma exposure predicted an indicator of the threat profile of cardiovascular reactivity and whether such a pattern was associated with adolescent psychopathology in a population-representative sample of 488 adolescents (M = 16.17 years old, 49.2\% boys) in the TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Exposure to trauma was associated with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms and a pattern of cardiovascular reactivity consistent with the threat profile, including blunted CO reactivity during a social stress task. Blunted CO reactivity, in turn, was positively associated with externalizing, but not internalizing symptoms and mediated the link between trauma and externalizing psychopathology. None of these associations varied by gender. The biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat provides a novel theoretical framework for understanding disruptions in physiological reactivity to stress following childhood trauma exposure, revealing a potential pathway linking such exposure with externalizing problems in adolescents.}, keywords = {Cardiovascular system; Stress reactivity; Trauma; Child maltreatment; Adolescence; Internalizing; Externalizing}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Heleniak_2016.pdf}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.08.007}, author = {Heleniak, C and McLaughin, KA and Ormel, J and Riese, H} } @Article { HuLHPd2016, title = {Basal autonomic activity, stress reactivity, and increases in metabolic syndrome components over time}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2016}, month = {9}, volume = {71}, pages = {119-26}, abstract = {CONTEXT: Basal autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning has been linked to the metabolic syndrome (MetS), but the role of ANS reactivity in response to stress remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To examine cross-sectionally and longitudinally to what extent ANS basal level and stress reactivity are related to MetS. DESIGN: 2-year and 6-year data from a prospective cohort: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. SETTING: Participants were recruited from the general community, primary care, and mental health care organizations. PARTICIPANTS: 1922 respondents (mean age=43.7years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Indicators of ANS functioning were heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP). ANS stress reactivity was measured during a cognitively challenging stressor and a personal-emotional stressor. MetS components included triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose and waist circumference. RESULTS: Cross-sectional analyses indicated that higher basal HR, lower basal values of RSA and PEP, and higher RSA reactivity during cognitive challenge were related to less favorable values of almost all individual MetS components. Longitudinal analyses showed that higher basal HR and shorter basal PEP predicted 4-year increase in many MetS abnormalities. Higher RSA stress reactivity during cognitive challenge predicted 4-year increase in number of MetS components. CONCLUSION: Higher basal sympathetic, lower basal parasympathetic activity, and increased parasympathetic withdrawal during stress are associated with multiple MetS components, and higher basal sympathetic activity predicts an increase in metabolic abnormalities over time. These findings support a role for ANS dysregulation in the risk for MetS and, consequently, the development of cardiovascular disease.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Hu_2016__2_.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.018}, author = {Hu, MX and Lamers, F and Hiles, SA and Penninx, BW and de Geus, JCN} } @Article { HuLdP2016, title = {Differential Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity in Depression and Anxiety DuringStress Depending on Type of Stressor}, year = {2016}, month = {6}, volume = {78}, number = {5}, pages = {562-72}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: It remains unclear whether depressive and anxiety disorders are associated with hyporeactivity or hyperreactivity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and whether deviant reactivity occurs in all types of stressors. This study compared ANS reactivity in people with current or remitted depression/anxiety with reactivity in healthy controls during two stress conditions. METHODS: From the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, data of 804 individuals with current depression/anxiety, 913 individuals with remitted depression/anxiety, and 466 healthy controls (mean age = 44.1 years; 66.4\% female) were available. Two conditions were used to evoke stress: a) an n-back task, a cognitively challenging stressor, and 2) a psychiatric interview, evoking personal-emotional stress related to the occurrence of symptoms of depression/anxiety. Indicators of ANS activity were heart rate (HR), root mean square of differences between successive interbeat intervals (RMSSD), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and preejection period. RESULTS: As compared with controls, participants with psychopathology had significant hyporeactivity of HR (controls = 4.1 ± 4.2 beats/min; remitted = 3.5 ± 3.5 beats/min; current psychopathology = 3.1 ± 3.4 beats/min), RMSSD (controls = -6.2 ± 14.5 milliseconds; remitted = -5.4 ± 17.8 milliseconds; current psychopathology = -3.5 ± 15.4 milliseconds), and RSA (controls = -9.3 ± 17.0 milliseconds; remitted = -7.4 ± 16.5 milliseconds; current psychopathology = -6.9 ± 15.0 milliseconds) during the n-back task. In contrast, during the psychiatric interview, they showed significant hyperreactivity of HR (controls = 2.7 ± 3.4 beats/min; remitted = 3.5 ± 3.4 beats/min; current psychopathology = 4.0 ± 3.3 beats/min), RMSSD (controls = -3.4 ± 12.2 milliseconds; remitted = -4.1 ± 12.1 milliseconds; current psychopathology = -5.6 ± 11.8 milliseconds), and RSA (controls = -3.8 ± 8.1 milliseconds; remitted = -4.3 ± 7.9 milliseconds; current psychopathology = -5.0 ± 7.9 milliseconds). The lack of group differences in preejection period reactivity suggests that the found effects were driven by altered cardiac vagal reactivity in depression/anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: The direction of altered ANS reactivity in depressed/anxious patients is dependent on the type of stressor, and only the more ecologically valid stressors may evoke hyperreactivity in these patients.}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Hu_2016.pdf}, DOI = {10.1097/PSY.0000000000000313}, author = {Hu, MX and Lamers, F and de Geus, JCN and Penninx, BW} } @Article { MallamR2016, title = {Efficient reference-free adaptive artifact cancellers for impedance cardiography basedremote health care monitoring systems}, year = {2016}, month = {6}, abstract = {In this paper, a new model for adaptive artifact cancelation in impedance cardiography (ICG) signals is presented. It is a hybrid model based on wavelet decomposition and an adaptive filter. A novel feature of this model is the implementation of reference-free adaptive artifact cancellers (AAC). For this implementation, the reference signal is constructed using a wavelet transformation. During critical conditions the filter weights may be negative and cause an imbalance in the convergence. To overcome this problem, we introduce non-negative adaptive algorithms in the proposed artifact canceller. To accelerate the performance of the AAC, we propose exponential non-negative and normalized non-negative algorithms to update the filter coefficients. The computational complexity of the filtering section in a remote health care system is important to avoid inter-symbol interference of the incoming samples. This can be achieved by combining sign-based algorithms with the adaptive filtering section. Finally, several AACs are developed using variants of the non-negative algorithms and performance measures are computed and compared. All of the proposed AACs are tested on actual ICG signals. Among the AACs evaluated, sign regressor normalized non-negative LMS (SRN3LMS) based adaptive artifact canceller achieves highest signal to noise ratio (SNR). The SNR achieved by this algorithm in baseline wander artifact elimination is 8.5312 dBs, in electrode muscle artifact elimination is 7.5908 dBs and in impedance measurement artifact elimination is 8.4231 dBs.}, keywords = {Artifact canceller Cardiovascular diseases Impedance cardiogram Non-negative algorithm Remote health care}, url = {/vuams-pubs/Mallan_2016.pdf}, DOI = {10.1186/s40064-016-2461-5}, author = {Mallam, M and Rao, KC} } @Article { DoornweerdIvNvvd2016, title = {Physical activity and dietary intake in BMI discordant identical twins.}, journal = {Obesity}, year = {2016}, month = {6}, volume = {24}, number = {6}, pages = {1349-55}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Despite the latest discovery of obesity-associated genes, the rapid rise in global obesity suggests a major role for environmental factors. This study investigated the influence of environmental factors on physical activity and dietary intake independent of genetic effects. METHODS: Sixteen female monozygotic twins aged 48.8?±?9.8 years (range 37-70) with a mean BMI discordance of 3.96?±?2.1 kg/m(2) (range 0.7-8.2) were studied. Physical activity was determined using 7-day accelerometry and dietary intake using 3-day 24-h recalls. RESULTS: Heavier cotwins were generally less physically active (mean activity counts \(\times\) 1,000 per day?±?SD; 505.5?±?155.1 vs. 579.6?±?185.4, P?=?0.047) and tended to spend 6.1 min/day less in moderate to vigorous physical activity than leaner cotwins (P?=?0.09). Energy intake did not significantly differ within pairs. Total fat intake (en\%; P?=?0.03), specifically monounsaturated fat (P? .05). It appears that limb vasculature and TPR responses to stress do not give the same information about impairments of the vasculature. These ?ndings are relevant to the interpretation of prior research ?ndings and the design of future studies on stress and vascular responses.}, keywords = {Mental stress, Forearm blood ?ow, Total peripheral resistance}, url = {vuams-pubs/paine2013-2.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/psyp.12054}, author = {Paine, Nicola J. and Ring, Christopher and BOSCH, JOS A. and MCINTYRE, DAVID and VELDHUIJZEN VAN ZANTEN, JET J. C. S.} } @Article { JonkmanSLOBL2013, title = {The effectiveness of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers (MTFC-P) for young children with severe behavioral disturbances: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial}, journal = {Trials}, year = {2013}, volume = {14}, number = {197}, tags = {Attachment, Autonomic reactivity, Behavior, Cortisol, Foster care, Preschool children}, url = {vuams-pubs/Jonkman.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1745-6215-14-197.pdf}, author = {Jonkman, Caroline S and Schuengel, Carlo and Lindeboom, Robert and Oosterman, Mirjam and Boer, Frits and Lindauer, Ramon J.L.} } @Article { HovlandPHHTTN2012, title = {The relationships among heart rate variability, executive functions, and clinical variables in patients with panic disorder}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2012}, month = {12}, volume = {86}, number = {3}, pages = {269–275}, abstract = {Heart rate variability (HRV) is reduced in patients who suffer from panic disorder (PD). Reduced HRV is related to hypoactivity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which negatively affects executive functioning. The present study assessed the relationships between vagally mediated HRV at baseline and measures of executive functioning in 36 patients with PD. Associations between these physiological and cognitive measures and panic-related variables were also investigated. HRV was measured using HF-power (ms2), and executive functions were assessed with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Color-Word Interference Test (CWIT) from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). Panic-related variables comprised panic frequency, panic-related distress, and duration of PD. Performance on the neuropsychological measures correlated significantly with HRV. Both panic-related distress and duration of PD were inversely related with measures of HRV and cognitive inhibition. The current findings support the purported relationship between HRV and executive functions involving the PFC.}, keywords = {Panic disorder; Anxiety; Heart rate variability; Executive functions; Attention; Inhibition}, url = {vuams-pub/Hoveland_2012.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.004}, author = {Hovland, Anders and Pallesen, St{\aa}le and Hammar, {\AA}sa and Hansen, Anita Lill and Thayer, Julian F. and Tarvainen, Mika P. and Nordhus, Inger Hilde} } @Article { LichtPd2012, title = {Effects of Antidepressants, but not Psychopathology, on Cardiac Sympathetic Control: A Longitudinal Study}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology}, year = {2012}, month = {7}, day = {4}, pages = {1-9}, abstract = {Increased sympathetic activity has been hypothesized to have a role in the elevated somatic disease risk in persons with depressive or anxiety disorders. However, it remains unclear whether increased sympathetic activity reflects a direct effect of anxiety or depression or an indirect effect of antidepressant medication. The aim of this study was to test longitudinally whether cardiac sympathetic control, measured by pre-ejection period (PEP), was increased by depression/anxiety status and by antidepressant use. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data were from a depression and anxiety cohort: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Baseline data of 2838 NESDA subjects (mean age 41.7 years, 66.7\% female) and 2-year follow-up data of 2226 subjects were available for analyses. Included were subjects with and without depressive/anxiety disorders, using or not using different antidepressants at baseline or follow-up. The PEP was measured non-invasively by 1.5 h of ambulatory impedance cardiography. Cross-sectional analyses compared PEP across psychopathology and antidepressant groups. Longitudinal analyses compared 2-year changes in PEP in relation to changes in psychopathology and antidepressant use. Cross-sectional analyses showed that antidepressant-na\&\#305;ve depressive/anxious subjects had comparable PEP as controls, whereas subjects using tricyclic (TCA) or combined serotonergic/noradrenergic antidepressants (SNRI) had significantly shorter PEP compared with controls. In contrast, subjects using selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) had longer PEP than controls. Longitudinal results confirmed these findings: compared with 2-year change in PEP in continuous non-users ( + 2 ms), subjects who started TCA or SNRI treatment showed significantly shortened PEP ( -11 ms, p = 0.005 and p<0.001), whereas subjects who started SSRI treatment showed significant prolongation of PEP ( + 9 ms, p = 0.002). Reversed findings were observed among those who stopped antidepressant use. These findings suggest that depressive and anxiety disorders are not associated with increased cardiac sympathetic control. However, results pose that TCA and SNRI use increases sympathetic control, whereas SSRI use decreases sympathetic control.}, keywords = {sympathetic nervous system; major depressive disorder; pre-ejection period; antidepressants; anxiety disorder}, url = {vuams-pubs/C.Licht_2012npp2012107a.pdf}, DOI = {10.1038/npp.2012.107}, author = {Licht, Carmilla MM and Penninx, Brenda WJH and de Geus, Eco JC} } @Article { BarakatVLGMdSPD2012, title = {Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system is associated with pain intensity, not with the presence of chronic widespread pain}, journal = {Arthritis Care \& Research}, year = {2012}, month = {3}, day = {8}, url = {vuams-pubs/Barakat_2012.pdf}, state = {accepted}, DOI = {10.1002/acr.21669}, author = {Barakat, Ansam and Vogelzangs, Nicole and Licht, Carmilla M.M. and Geenen, Rinie and Macfarlane, Gary J. and de Geus, Eco and Smit, Johannes H. and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. and Dekker, Joost} } @Article { WeizheDGT2012, title = {Effect of sodium tanshinon IIA silate on heart function of children with myocarditis}, journal = {Journal of Medicinal Plants Research}, year = {2012}, month = {2}, day = {9}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {763-767}, abstract = {This study intends to evaluate the effects of sodium tanshinon IIA silate on cardiac function of children with myocarditis. 69 children were randomly divided into myocarditis untreatment and sodium tanshinon IIA silate treatment groups. Another 24 healthy children served as normal control. Our experimental results demonstrated that the sodium tanshinon IIA silate treatment can significantly improve heart function in children with myocarditis.}, keywords = {Sodium tanshinon IIA silate, myocarditis, children, troponin I.}, url = {vuams-pubs/Weizhe_et_al_2012.pdf}, author = {Weizhe, Huang and Dongtao, Zhang and Ge, Zhang and Tong, Li} } @Article { WeizheDGT2012_2, title = {Effect of sodium tanshinon IIA silate on heart function of children with myocarditis}, journal = {Journal of Medicinal Plants Research}, year = {2012}, month = {2}, day = {9}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {763-767}, abstract = {This study intends to evaluate the effects of sodium tanshinon IIA silate on cardiac function of children with myocarditis. 69 children were randomly divided into myocarditis untreatment and sodium tanshinon IIA silate treatment groups. Another 24 healthy children served as normal control. Our experimental results demonstrated that the sodium tanshinon IIA silate treatment can significantly improve heart function in children with myocarditis.}, keywords = {Sodium tanshinon IIA silate, myocarditis, children, troponin I.}, url = {vuams-pubs/Weizhe_2012.pdf}, DOI = {10.5897/JMPR11.1309}, author = {Weizhe, Huang and Dongtao, Zhang and Ge, Zhang and Tong, Li} } @Article { vanDijkvSGV2012, title = {Prenatal Stress and Balance of the Child's Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System at Age 5-6 Years}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, year = {2012}, month = {1}, day = {17}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {e30413}, url = {vuams-pubs/Aimee_E_vanDijk_2012.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info\%3Adoi\%2F10.1371\%2Fjournal.pone.0030413\&representation=PDF}, DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0030413}, author = {van Dijk, Aimee E. and van Eijsden, Manon and Stronks, Karien and Gemke, Reinoud J. B. J. and Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M.} } @Article { deWitSJ2012, title = {Cardiovascular reactivity and resistance to opposing viewpoints during intragroup conflict}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2012}, volume = {49}, pages = {1523–1531}, abstract = {This study examined how the outcomes of joint decision making relate to cardiovascular reactions when group members disagree about the decision to be taken. A conflict was experimentally induced during a joint decision-making task, while cardiovascular markers of challenge/threat motivational states were assessed following the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (BPSM; J. Blascovich, 2008). Results show that individuals were less likely to adjust their initially preferred decision alternative the more they exhibited a cardiovascular pattern indicative of threat (i.e., relatively high total peripheral resistance and low cardiac output) compared to challenge. This finding extends the BPSM by showing a link between threat and rigidity, and emphasizes the importance of psychophysiological processes for studying intragroup conflict and decision making.}, keywords = {Threat, Conflict, Heart rate, Cardiac output, Anxiety, Total peripheral resistance}, url = {vuams-pubs/Wit_2012.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01456.x}, author = {de Wit, Frank R.C. and Scheepers, Daan and Jehn, Karen A.} } @Article { AllenF2012, title = {Positive emotion reduces dyspnea during slow paced breathing}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2012}, number = {49}, pages = {690-696}, abstract = {Slow breathing is used to induce cardiovascular resonance, a state associated with health benefits, but it can also increase tidal volume and associated dyspnea (respiratory discomfort). Dyspnea may be decreased by induced positive affect. In this study, 71 subjects (36 men, M = 20 years) breathed at 6 breaths per min. In condition one, subjects paced their breathing by inhaling and exhaling as a vertical bar moved up and down. In condition two, breathing was paced by a timed slideshow of positive images; subjects inhaled during a black screen and exhaled as the image appeared. Cardiac, respiratory, and self-reported dyspnea and emotional indices were recorded. Tidal volume and the intensity and unpleasantness of dyspnea were reduced when paced breathing was combined with pleasant images. These results show that positive affect can reduce dyspnea during slow paced breathing, and may have applications for induced cardiovas- cular resonance.}, keywords = {Dyspnea, Emotion, Cardiovascular resonance, Heart rate variability, Paced breathing}, url = {vuams-pubs/ALLEN_2012.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01344.x}, author = {Allen, Ben and Friedman, Bruce H.} } @Article { WalkerMSR2012, title = {Predicting Team Performance in a Dynamic Environment: A Team Psychophysiological Approach to Measuring Cognitive Readiness}, journal = {Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making}, year = {2012}, keywords = {team psychophysiology, team performance, cognitive readiness, process control}, url = {vuams-pubs/D.Walker_2012.pdf}, DOI = {10.1177/1555343412444733}, author = {Walker, Alexander D. and Muth, Eric R. and Switzer III, Fred S. and Rosopa, Patrick J.} } @Article { HamerS2012, title = {Vascular inflammation and blood pressure response to acute exercise}, journal = {Eur J Appl Physiol}, year = {2012}, number = {112}, pages = {2375-2379}, url = {vuams-pubs/Hamer_2012.pdf}, DOI = {10.1007/s00421-011-2210-y}, author = {Hamer, Mark and Steptoe, Andrew} } @Article { deVriesBouwJVDvP2012, title = {Concurrent attenuated reactivity of alpha-amylase and cortisol is related to disruptive behavior in male adolescents}, journal = {Hormones and Behavior}, year = {2012}, url = {vuams-pubs/de Vries-Bouw_2012.pdf}, state = {unpublished}, DOI = {10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.05.002}, author = {de Vries-Bouw, Marjan and Jansen, Lucres and Vermeiren, Robert and Doreleijers, Theo and van de Ven, Peter and Popma, Arne} } @Article { CushmanGGB2012, title = {Simulating murder: The aversion to harmful action}, journal = {Emotion}, year = {2012}, url = {vuams-pubs/Cushman_2012.pdf}, state = {unpublished}, author = {Cushman, Fiery and Gray, Kurt and Gaffey, Allison and Berry Mendes, Wendy} } @Article { vanReedtDortlandVGLVvdPZ2012, title = {The impact of stress systems and lifestyle on dyslipidemia and obesity in anxiety and depression}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2012}, keywords = {Anxiety; Depression; Tricyclic antidepressants; HPA axis; Autonomic nervous system; Inflammation; Lifestyle}, url = {vuams-pubs/Reedt-Dortland_2012_PEP_obesity_depression.pdf}, state = {unpublished}, DOI = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.05.017}, author = {van Reedt Dortland, Arianne K.B. and Vreeburg, Sophie A. and Giltay, Erik J. and Licht, Carmilla M.M. and Vogelzangs, Nicole and van Veen, Tineke and de Geus, Eco J.C. and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. and Zitman, Frans G.} } @Article { BoschlooVLVSvVdBP2011, title = {Heavy alcohol use, rather than alcohol dependence, is associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system}, journal = {Drug and Alcohol Dependence}, year = {2011}, month = {7}, volume = {116}, number = {1-3}, pages = {170–176}, keywords = {Alcohol dependence; Alcohol use; Autonomic nervous system; Cortisol; Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis}, url = {vuams-pubs/Boschloo2011.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871611000275}, DOI = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.006}, author = {Boschloo, Lynn and Vogelzangs, Nicole and Licht, Carmilla M.M. and Vreeburg, Sophie A. and Smit, Johannes H. and van den Brink, Wim and Veltman, Dick J. and de Geus, Eco J.C. and Beekman, Aartjan T.F. and Penninx, Brenda W.J.H.} } @Article { vanLienGKBWd2011, title = {Underestimation of cardiac vagal control in regular exercisers by 24-hour heart rate variability recordings}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2011}, month = {6}, day = {30}, volume = {81}, pages = {169-176}, keywords = {Parasympathetic nervous system Ambulatory monitoring RSA Physical activity Exercise}, url = {vuams-pubs/vanLien_2011.pdf}, author = {van Lien, Rene and Goedhart, Annebet and Kupper, Nina and Boomsma, Dorret and Willemsen, Gonneke and de Geus, Eco J.C.} } @Article { GruberOKJ2011, title = {A discrete emotions approach to positive emotion disturbance in depression}, journal = {Cognition and Emotion}, year = {2011}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {40-52}, abstract = {Converging findings suggest that depressed individuals exhibit disturbances in positive emotion. No study, however, has ascertained which specific positive emotions are implicated in depression. We report two studies that compare how depressive symptoms relate to distinct positive emotions at both trait and state levels of assessment. In Study 1 (N=185), we examined associations between depressive symptoms and three trait positive emotions (pride, happy, amusement). Study 2 compared experiential and autonomic reactivity to pride, happy, and amusement film stimuli between depressive (n=24; DS) and non-depressive (n=31; NDS) symptom groups. Results indicate that symptoms of depression were most strongly associated with decreased trait pride and decreased positive emotion experience to pride-eliciting films. Discussion focuses on the implications these findings have for understanding emotion deficits in depression as well as for the general study of positive emotion.}, keywords = {Depression; Positive emotion; Pride.}, url = {vuams-pubs/Gruber_2011.pdf}, DOI = {10.1080/02699931003615984}, author = {Gruber, June and Oveis, Christopher and Keltner, Dacher and Johnson, Sheri L} } @Article { Brydon2011, title = {Adiposity, leptin and stress reactivity in humans}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, year = {2011}, number = {86}, pages = {114-120}, abstract = {vidence suggests that individuals who are more obese may be more responsive to stress. Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the adipose-tissue cytokine leptin stimulates SNS activity in animals. We examined the relationship between adiposity, leptin and physiological responses to acute laboratory stress in 67 women. We predicted that individuals with greater adiposity and/or higher plasma leptin would be more stress-responsive. Adiposity was unrelated to cardiovascular or neuroendocrine stress reactivity. However, women with larger waists had greater stress-induced increases in plasma leptin and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Similarly, women with higher basal leptin displayed greater stress-induced increases in heart rate and plasma interleukin-6, and larger decreases in heart rate variability and cardiac pre-ejection period. Heightened cardiovascular and inflammatory stress responses are predictive of future cardiovascular risk. Our findings suggest that the cytokines leptin and IL-1Ra may play a role in the association between obesity, stress and cardiovascular health.}, keywords = {Psychological stress,Adiposity,Leptin,Cytokines,Cardiovascular reactivity}, url = {vuams-pubs/Brydon_2011.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.02.010}, author = {Brydon, Lena} } @Article { Busscher2011, title = {Analysis of Physiological Response to Neutral Virtual Reality Worlds}, journal = {ECCE 2010 Workshop on Cognitive Engineering for Technology in Mental Health Care and Rehabilitation}, year = {2011}, pages = {59-71}, abstract = {Using virtual reality technology for exposure therapy to treat patients with anxiety disorders is attracting considerable research attention. The ability to monitor patient anxiety level helps therapists to set appropriate anxiety arousing situations. Physiological measure has been put forward as objective indicator of anxiety levels. Because of individual variation, they need a baseline recording which is often conducted in neutral virtual world which does not include phobic stressors. Still because of the novelty of the virtual world, reports in the literature suggest that individuals already show some level of arousal when placed in these worlds. This paper presents two studies which look at the effect two different neutral virtual worlds can have on individuals. Findings suggest that a neutral world does not have to result in an increased level of arousal.}, keywords = {Virtual reality, exposure therapy, measurements, neutral worlds.}, url = {vuams-pubs/Busscher_2011.pdf}, author = {Busscher, Bert} } @Article { VerhoevenBVPV2011, title = {Clinical and Physiological Correlates of Irritability in Depression: Results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety}, journal = {Depression Research and Treatment}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Objective. Irritable and nonirritable depressed patients differ on demographic and clinical characteristics. We investigated whether this extends to psychological and physiological measures. Method. We compared irritable and nonirritable unipolar depressed patients on symptomatology, personality, and (psycho)physiological measures (cortisol, cholesterol, and heart rate variability). Symptomatology was reassessed after one year, and we also compared depressed patients who were irritable or non-irritable at both time points (Irr++ versus Irr\&\#8722;\&\#8722;). Results. Almost half (46\%; N = 420) of the sample was classified as irritable. These patients scored higher on depression severity, anxiety, hypomanic symptoms, and psychological variables. No differences were observed on physiological markers after correction for depression severity. The same pattern was found when comparing Irr++ and Irr-- groups. Conclusion. Irritable and non-irritable depressed patients differ on clinical and psychological variables, but not on the currently investigated physiological markers. The clinical relevance of the distinction and the significance of the hypomanic symptoms remain to be demonstrated.}, url = {vuams-pubs/Verhoeven_2011.pdf}, DOI = {10.1155/2011/126895}, author = {Verhoeven, Floor E. A. and Booij, Linda and Van der Wee, Nic J.A. and Penninx, Brenda W. H. J. and Van der Does, A. J. Willem} } @Article { FOURIERMEJT2010, title = {Guilt and pride are heartfelt, but not equally so}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2011}, volume = {48}, pages = {888-899}, abstract = {We examined the cardiovascular physiology of guilt and pride to elucidate physiological substrates underpinning the behavioral motivations of these moral emotions. Although both emotions motivate prosocial behavior, guilt typically inhibits ongoing behavior, whereas pride reinforces current behavior. To succeed in eliciting real emotions, we used a novel social interaction task. We found dissociable sympathetic activation during guilt and pride; specifically, Guilt participants experienced prolonged cardiac sympathetic arousal as measured by preejection period (PEP), whereas Pride participants experienced transient non-cardiac somatic arousal and a shift to low frequency (LF) power in the cardiac spectrogram. This dissociation supports their distinctive motivational functions. Higher self-reported Behav- ioral Inhibition System (BIS) sensitivity was furthermore uniquely associated with guilt, supporting its function as a punishment cue.}, keywords = {Moral emotions, Motivation, Sympathetic arousal, Heart rate variability, Behavioral inhibition}, url = {vuams-pubs/Fourie_2010.pdf}, publisher = {Wiley Periodicals}, DOI = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01157.x}, author = {Fourie, Melike M. and Rauch, Henri G. L. and Morgan, Barak E. and Ellis, George F. R. and Jordaan, Esme R. and Thomas, Kevin G. F.} } @Article { BusscherdLB2011, title = {Physiological measures and self-report to evaluate neutral virtual reality worlds}, journal = {Journal of CyberTherapy \& Rehabilitation}, year = {2011}, number = {4}, pages = {15-25}, abstract = {Using virtual reality technology for exposure therapy to treat patients with anxiety disorders is attracting considerable research attention. The ability to monitor patient anxiety level helps therapists to set appropriate anxiety arousing situations. Physiological measures have been put forward as objective indicators of anxiety levels. Because of individual variation, they need a baseline recording which is often conducted in neutral virtual worlds which do not include phobic stressors. Still because of the novelty of the virtual worlds, reports in the literature suggest that individuals already show some level of arousal when placed in these worlds. This paper presents two studies which look at the effect two different neutral virtual worlds can have on individuals. Findings suggest that a neutral world does not have to result in an increased level of arousal.}, keywords = {Virtual Reality, Exposure Therapy, Physiological Measurements, Neutral Worlds, Fear of Flying}, url = {vuams-pubs/B.Buscher_2011_Physiological_measures_and_self_report_to_evaluate_neutral_virtual_reality_worlds_preliminary.pdf}, author = {Busscher, Bert and de Vliegher, Daniel and Ling, Yun and Brinkman, Willem-Paul} } @Article { MorganHB2011, title = {Should Neonates Sleep Alone?}, journal = {BIOL PSYCHIATRY}, year = {2011}, number = {70}, pages = {817-825}, abstract = {Background: Maternal-neonate separation (MNS) in mammals is a model for studying the effects of stress on the development and function of physiological systems. In contrast, for humans, MNS is a Western norm and standard medical practice. However, the physiological impact of this is unknown. The physiological stress-response is orchestrated by the autonomic nervous system and heart rate variability (HRV) is a means of quantifying autonomic nervous system activity. Heart rate variability is influenced by level of arousal, which can be accurately quantified during sleep. Sleep is also essential for optimal early brain development. Methods: To investigate the impact of MNS in humans, we measured HRV in 16 2-day-old full-term neonates sleeping in skin-to-skin contact with their mothers and sleeping alone, for 1 hour in each place, before discharge from hospital. Infant behavior was observed continuously and manually recorded according to a validated scale. Cardiac interbeat intervals and continuous electrocardiogram were recorded using two independent devices. Heart rate variability (taken only from sleep states to control for level of arousal) was analyzed in the frequency domain using a wavelet method. Results: Results show a 176\% increase in autonomic activity and an 86\% decrease in quiet sleep duration during MNS compared with skin-to-skin contact. Conclusions: Maternal-neonate separation is associated with a dramatic increase in HRV power, possibly indicative of central anxious autonomic arousal. Maternal-neonate separation also had a profoundly negative impact on quiet sleep duration. Maternal separation may be a stressor the human neonate is not well-evolved to cope with and may not be benign.}, keywords = {Heart rate variability, hidden regulators, maternal-ne- onate separation, skin-to-skin contact, sleep, stress}, url = {vuams-pubs/Morgan_2011.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.018}, author = {Morgan, Barak E. and Horn, Alan R. and Bergman, Nils J.} } @Article { ComijsMvNOBBDKdPSS2012, title = {The Netherlands study of depression in older persons (NESDO); a prospective cohort study}, journal = {BMC Research Notes}, year = {2011}, volume = {4}, number = {524}, abstract = {Background: To study late-life depression and its unfavourable course and co morbidities in The Netherlands. Methods: We designed the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons (NESDO), a multi-site naturalistic prospective cohort study which makes it possible to examine the determinants, the course and the consequences of depressive disorders in older persons over a period of six years, and to compare these with those of depression earlier in adulthood. Results: From 2007 until 2010, the NESDO consortium has recruited 510 depressed and non depressed older persons (\&\#8805; 60 years) at 5 locations throughout the Netherlands. Depressed persons were recruited from both mental health care institutes and general practices in order to include persons with late-life depression in various developmental and severity stages. Non-depressed persons were recruited from general practices. The baseline assessment included written questionnaires, interviews, a medical examination, cognitive tests and collection of blood and saliva samples. Information was gathered about mental health outcomes and demographic, psychosocial, biological, cognitive and genetic determinants. The baseline NESDO sample consists of 378 depressed (according to DSM-IV criteria) and 132 non-depressed persons aged 60 through 93 years. 95\% had a major depression and 26.5\% had dysthymia. Mean age of onset of the depressive disorder was around 49 year. For 33.1\% of the depressed persons it was their first episode. 41.0\% of the depressed persons had a co morbid anxiety disorder. Follow up assessments are currently going on with 6 monthly written questionnaires and face-to-face interviews after 2 and 6 years. Conclusions: The NESDO sample offers the opportunity to study the neurobiological, psychosocial and physical determinants of depression and its long-term course in older persons. Since largely similar measures were used as in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA; age range 18-65 years), data can be pooled thus creating a large longitudinal database of clinically depressed persons with adequate power and a large set of neurobiological, psychosocial and physical variables from both younger and older depressed persons.}, url = {vuams-pubs/Comijs_2011.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/4/524}, author = {Comijs, Hannie C and Marwijk, Harm W and van der Mast, Roos C and Naarding, Paul and Oude Voshaar, Richard C and Beekman, Aartjan TF and Boshuisen, Marjolein and Dekker, Janny and Kok, Rob and de Waal, Margot WM and Penninx, Brenda WJH and Stek, Max L and Smit, Johannes H} } @Article { VriesBouwPVDVJ2011, title = {The predictive value of low heart rate and heart rate variability during stress for reoffending in delinquent male adolescents}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2011}, volume = {48}, pages = {1596-1603}, abstract = {Low autonomic (re)activity is a consistent correlate of antisocial behavior in juveniles. However, longitudinal research relating autonomic measures to persistent antisocial behavior has remained scarce. Therefore, in the present study we examined the predictive value of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV, often studied as respiratory sinus arrhythmia) for reoffending in delinquent male adolescents. At initial assessment, HR and HRV were measured at rest and in response to a public speaking task. Registered reoffending was assessed after 5-year follow-up. Attenuated HR response and stronger HRV response to stress predicted higher reoffending rates. Results provide evidence that HR/ HRV reactivity are neurobiological markers for persistent juvenile antisocial behavior. Although effect sizes were small to moderate, our findings underscore the consistency of the relationship between autonomic markers and antisocial behavior.}, keywords = {Heart rate, Behavioral medicine, Children/infants}, url = {vuams-pubs/2011_vries-bouw_delinquency_HRV.pdf}, DOI = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01233.x}, author = {Vries-Bouw, Marjan, de and Popma, Arme and Vermeiren, Robert and Doreleijers, Theo A.H. and Ven, Peter M., van de and Jansen, Lucres M.C.} } @Article { DerksSVE2011, title = {The threat vs. challenge of car parking for women: How self- and group affirmation affect cardiovascular responses}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology}, year = {2011}, volume = {47}, pages = {178-183}, abstract = {This study examines cardiovascular responses indicating challenge (vs. threat) during motivated performance of women under social identity threat. Low gender identified women should primarily be concerned with their personal identity and self-worth, leading them to benefit from self-affirmation under social identity threat. Highly identified women, conversely, should care more for the value of their group and benefit more from group affirmation. Among 64 female participants social identity threat was induced by emphasizing gender differences in car-parking ability. Then, participants received an opportunity to affirm the self or the group and worked on a car-parking task. During this task, cardiovascular challenge versus threat responses were assessed according to the biopsychosocial model (Blascovich, 2008). Results confirmed predictions by showing that self-affirmation elicited cardiovascular patterns indicating challenge in low identifiers, while group affirmation elicited challenge in high identifiers. Theoretical implications for work on social identity are discussed.}, keywords = {Social identity Cardiovascular threat and challenge Group affirmation Self-affirmation Gender identification}, url = {vuams-pubs/Derks_2011.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jesp.2010.08.016}, author = {Derks, Belle and Scheepers, Daan and Van Laar, Colette and Ellemers, Naomi} } @Article { NyklicekVD2011, title = {Type D personality and cardiovascular function in daily life of people without documented cardiovascular disease}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2011}, volume = {80}, pages = {139-142}, abstract = {Type D personality, the combination of negative affectivity and social inhibition, is associated with poor prognosis in patients with ischemic heart disease. The mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to examine whether Type D personality is associated with cardiovascular function in everyday life of people without documented cardiovascular disease. Eighty-six participants (53\% women) aged 27 to 60 years who reported work-related non-cardiac health complaints were equipped with ambulatory cardiovascular monitors for 24 h measuring heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, pre-ejection period, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. With and without controlling for age, sex, educational level, body mass index, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption, mood and social contact, Type D personality was not associated with any cardiovascular measure during the day or at night (all F (1, 79) b 1.00, p N .10). When analyzed separately as continuous variables, only the social inhibition component of Type D personality showed a tendency for an association with nighttime systolic blood pressure (F (1, 78) = 3.65, p = .06, \&\#951;2 = .04). In conclusion, Type D personality generally does not seem to be associated with unfavorable cardiovascular function in daily life of people without any documented cardiovascular disease.}, keywords = {Type D personality Cardiovascular Ambulatory Heart rate variability Blood pressure}, url = {vuams-pubs/Nyklicek_2011.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.014}, author = {Nyklicek, Ivan and Vorselaars, Ad and Denollet, Johan} } @Book { BlascovichBVD2011, title = {Social Psychophysiology for Social and Personality Psychology}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The goal of this book is to provide methodological and technical information for social psychologists and other behavioral scientists who are considering using peripheral neurophysiological and endocrine measures of psychological con- structs. This volume is neither exhaustive in terms of the entire range of candidate endocrine and peripheral neurophysiological systems nor even of the range of measures within the physiological systems described. Rather, it is meant to give investigators an informed basis for determining how to validly and valuably use endocrine and peripheral physiological indexes of social psychological constructs as measures in their empirical endeavors.}, publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd}, author = {Blascovich, Jim and Berry Mendes, Wendy and Vanman, Eric and Dickerson, Sally} } @Article { PieperBvT2010, title = {Prolonged Cardiac Effects of Momentary Assessed Stressful Events and Worry Episodes}, journal = {Psychosomatic Medicine}, year = {2010}, month = {8}, volume = {72}, number = {6}, pages = {570-577}, keywords = {stressors worry prolonged activation heart rate heart rate variability}, url = {vuams-pubs/Pieper.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/content/72/6/570.short}, DOI = {10.1097/?PSY.0b013e3181dbc0e9}, author = {Pieper, Suzanne and Brosschot, Jos F. and van der Leeden, Rien and Thayer, Julian F.} } @Article { WilhelmG2010, title = {Emotions beyond the laboratory: Theoretical fundaments, study design, and analytic strategies for advanced ambulatory assessment}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, year = {2010}, month = {7}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, pages = {552–569}, keywords = {Emotion; Affective sciences; Ambulatory assessment; Ecological momentary assessment; Autonomic nervous system; Social and affective neuroscience; Anxiety; Stress; Methodology}, url = {vuams-pubs/Wilhelm.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051110000359}, DOI = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.017}, author = {Wilhelm, Frank H. and Grossman, Paul} } @Article { Brydon2010, title = {Adiposity, leptin and stress reactivity in humans}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2010}, pages = {--}, abstract = {Evidence suggests that individuals who are more obese may be more responsive to stress. Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the adipose-tissue cytokine leptin stimulates SNS activity in animals. We examined the relationship between adiposity, leptin and physiological responses to acute laboratory stress in 67 women. We predicted that individuals with greater adiposity and/or higher plasma leptin would be more stress-responsive. Adiposity was unrelated to cardiovascular or neuroendocrine stress reactivity. However, women with larger waists had greater stress-induced increases in plasma leptin and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Similarly, women with higher basal leptin displayed greater stress-induced increases in heart rate and plasma interleukin-6, and larger decreases in heart rate variability and cardiac pre-ejection period. Heightened cardiovascular and inflammatory stress responses are predictive of future cardiovascular risk. Our findings suggest that the cytokines leptin and IL-1Ra may play a role in the association between obesity, stress and cardiovascular health}, keywords = {Heart Rate, Humans, Interleukin-6, Leptin, Obesity}, url = {vuams-pubs/Brydon_2010.pdf}, address = {Psychobiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom}, author = {Brydon, L.} } @Article { Oosterman2010, title = {Autonomic reactivity in relation to attachment and early adversity among foster children}, journal = {Dev.Psychopathol.}, year = {2010}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {109--118}, abstract = {This study examined whether the quality of relationships with foster caregivers was associated with autonomic nervous system reactivity of children during separation and reunion with their foster caregiver. Moreover, effects of early adversity were examined in relation to attachment and autonomic nervous system reactivity. The sample included 60 children between 26 and 88 months of age, who participated with their primary foster caregivers in the Strange Situation. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period were measured as indicators of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system reactivity, respectively. Attachment quality (ordered/disordered and secure/insecure attachment), was coded on the basis of children's behavior in the Strange Situation using the Cassidy and Marvin coding system. Children with a background of neglect and those with disordered (disorganized-controlling or insecure-other) attachment showed most sympathetic reactivity during the procedure. Moreover, children with disordered attachment showed less vagal regulation (respiratory sinus arrhythmia decreases on separation and increases on reunion) than children with ordered attachment. The findings show that the quality of relationships with current caregivers, and to a lesser extent specific experiences of neglect, may have an impact on children's abilities to regulate emotions in the context of environmental stress and challenges}, keywords = {Adaptation,Psychological, Autonomic Nervous System, Caregivers, Child, Child Abuse, Child,Preschool, Electrocardiography, Emotions, Female, Foster Home Care, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Netherlands, Object Attachment, Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiopathology, Social Environment, Stress,Physiological, Stress,Psychological, Sympathetic Nervous System}, url = {vuams-pubs/Oosterman_2010.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.oosterman@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Oosterman, M. and De Schipper, J.C. and Fisher, P. and Dozier, M. and Schuengel, C.} } @Article { Stephens2010, title = {Autonomic specificity of basic emotions: Evidence from pattern classification and cluster analysis}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2010}, pages = {--}, abstract = {Autonomic nervous system (ANS) specificity of emotion remains controversial in contemporary emotion research, and has received mixed support over decades of investigation. This study was designed to replicate and extend psychophysiological research, which has used multivariate pattern classification analysis (PCA) in support of ANS specificity. Forty-nine undergraduates (27 women) listened to emotion-inducing music and viewed affective films while a montage of ANS variables, including heart rate variability indices, peripheral vascular activity, systolic time intervals, and electrodermal activity, were recorded. Evidence for ANS discrimination of emotion was found via PCA with 44.6\% of overall observations correctly classified into the predicted emotion conditions, using ANS variables (z=16.05, p<.001). Cluster analysis of these data indicated a lack of distinct clusters, which suggests that ANS responses to the stimuli were nomothetic and stimulus-specific rather than idiosyncratic and individual-specific. Collectively these results further confirm and extend support for the notion that basic emotions have distinct ANS signatures}, keywords = {analysis, Autonomic Nervous System, classification, Emotions, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, RATE-VARIABILITY, Research, Time, Universities, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Stephens_2010.pdf}, address = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0436, United States}, author = {Stephens, C.L. and Christie, I.C. and Friedman, B.H.} } @Article { Scarpa2010, title = {Being hot-tempered: Autonomic, emotional, and behavioral distinctions between childhood reactive and proactive aggression}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, year = {2010}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, pages = {488--496}, abstract = {Reactive aggression (RA) is an angry response to perceived provocation. Proactive aggression (PA) is a pre-meditated act used to achieve some goal. This study test hypotheses that (1) individuals high in RA and PA will differ in resting levels of autonomic arousal and (2) RA will be related to emotional and behavioral problems, while PA only to behavioral problems. Parents of 68 children (age 6-13) reported on child symptoms, reactive/proactive aggression, and behavior problems. Resting heart rate (HR), skin conductance (SC), and HR variability (HRV) were measured in 42 of the children. RA was significantly related to decreased HRV and a trend for decreased SC, while PA was significantly related to increased SC and HRV. RA was significantly related to increased internalizing behaviors and attention deficits, while PA was significantly related to increased hyperactivity/impulsivity and delinquent behavior problems. Findings support a distinction between child reactive (hot-tempered) and proactive (cold-tempered) aggression in autonomic, emotional (i.e., internalizing problems), and behavioral (i.e., attention deficits, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and delinquent behavior) functioning, and are discussed in relation to theories of antisocial behavior. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved}, keywords = {Aggression, Anger, ANTISOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, Arousal, Attention, AUTONOMIC AROUSAL, Autonomic Nervous System, Behavior problems, BOYS, Child, CHILDHOOD, CHILDREN, Heart, HEART PERIOD VARIABILITY, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, INFORMATION-PROCESSING MECHANISMS, LEVEL, METAANALYSIS, Netherlands, Parents, Proactive aggression, PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, Reactive aggression, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, SYMPTOMS, Time, VAGAL CONTROL, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Scarpa_2010.pdf}, address = {Virginia Polytech Inst \& State Univ, Dept Psychol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA Long Isl Univ, Dept Psychol, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA}, ISSN = {0301-0511}, author = {Scarpa, A. and Haden, S.C. and Tanaka, A.} } @Article { Dijk2010, title = {Cardio-metabolic risk in 5-year-old children prenatally exposed to maternal psychosocial stress: the ABCD study}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, year = {2010}, volume = {10}, pages = {251--}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent evidence, both animal and human, suggests that modifiable factors during fetal and infant development predispose for cardiovascular disease in adult life and that they may become possible future targets for prevention. One of these factors is maternal psychosocial stress, but so far, few prospective studies have been able to investigate the longer-term effects of stress in detail, i.e. effects in childhood. Therefore, our general aim is to study whether prenatal maternal psychosocial stress is associated with an adverse cardio-metabolic risk profile in the child at age five. METHODS/DESIGN: Data are available from the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) study, a prospective birth cohort in the Netherlands. Between 2003-2004, 8,266 pregnant women filled out a questionnaire including instruments to determine anxiety (STAI), pregnancy related anxiety (PRAQ), depressive symptoms (CES-D), parenting stress (PDH scale) and work stress (Job Content Questionnaire). Outcome measures in the offspring (age 5-7) are currently collected. These include lipid profile, blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, body composition (body mass index, waist circumference and bioelectrical impedance analysis), autonomic nervous system activity (parasympathetic and sympathetic measures) and blood pressure. Potential mediators are maternal serum cortisol, gestational age and birth weight for gestational age (intrauterine growth restriction). Possible gender differences in programming are also studied. DISCUSSION: Main strengths of the proposed study are the longitudinal measurements during three important periods (pregnancy, infancy and childhood), the extensive measurement of maternal psychosocial stress with validated questionnaires and the thorough measurement of the children's cardio-metabolic profile. The availability of several confounding factors will give us the opportunity to quantify the independent contribution of maternal stress during pregnancy to the cardio-metabolic risk profile of her offspring. Moreover, the mediating role of maternal cortisol, intrauterine growth, gestational age and potential gender differences can be explored extensively. If prenatal psychosocial stress is indeed found to be associated with the offspring's cardio-metabolic risk, these results support the statement that primary prevention of cardiovascular disease may start even before birth by reducing maternal stress during pregnancy}, keywords = {Adult, analysis, Anxiety, Autonomic Nervous System, Birth Weight, blood, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Composition, Body Mass Index, Child, Disease, Gestational Age, Infant, Netherlands, Pregnancy, Pressure, Prospective Studies, Questionnaires}, url = {vuams-pubs/Van_Dijk_2010.pdf}, address = {Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. a.e.vandijk@amc.uva.nl}, author = {van Dijk, A.E. and M., Van Eijsden and Stronks, K. and Gemke, R.J. and Vrijkotte, T.G.} } @Article { Thayer2010, title = {Effects of the physical work environment on physiological measures of stress}, journal = {Eur.J.Cardiovasc.Prev.Rehabil.}, year = {2010}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {431--439}, abstract = {AIMS: In this study we investigated the effects of the physical work environment on two physiological measures of the stress response. METHODS AND RESULTS: Circadian variations in vagally mediated heart rate variability (HRV) and the morning rise in cortisol were evaluated in 60 participants working in a government building either in a traditional (individual offices and old cubicles; n=40) or a modern workspace (individualized cubicles with improved views and lighting; n=20). Results revealed significant linear (B=-1.03; confidence interval: -1.05 to -1.01, P<0.05) and quadratic (B=1.001; confidence interval: 1.0004-1.002, P<0.05) trends by office type interactions for indices of vagally mediated HRV. Individuals in the old office space had flatter slopes and thus less circadian variation including less HRV at night, and a larger rise in cortisol upon awakening compared with those in the new office space. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that physical features of the work environment may affect two aspects of the physiological stress response: circadian variations in HRV and the morning rise in cortisol. These findings have important social, economic, and public health implications for work environment risk factors on health}, keywords = {Affect, Aging, Heart, Heart Rate, methods, Risk Factors}, url = {vuams-pubs/Thayer_2010.pdf}, address = {National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA}, author = {Thayer, J.F. and Verkuil, B. and Brosschot, J.F. and Kampschroer, K. and West, A. and Sterling, C. and Christie, I.C. and Abernethy, D.R. and Sollers, J.J. and Cizza, G. and Marques, A.H. and Sternberg, E.M.} } @Article { Eijgelsheim2010, title = {Genome-wide association analysis identifies multiple loci related to resting heart rate}, journal = {Hum.Mol.Genet.}, year = {2010}, volume = {19}, number = {19}, pages = {3885--3894}, abstract = {Higher resting heart rate is associated with increased cardiovascular disease and mortality risk. Though heritable factors play a substantial role in population variation, little is known about specific genetic determinants. This knowledge can impact clinical care by identifying novel factors that influence pathologic heart rate states, modulate heart rate through cardiac structure and function or by improving our understanding of the physiology of heart rate regulation. To identify common genetic variants associated with heart rate, we performed a meta-analysis of 15 genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including 38 991 subjects of European ancestry, estimating the association between age-, sex- and body mass-adjusted RR interval (inverse heart rate) and approximately 2.5 million markers. Results with P < 5 x 10(-8) were considered genome-wide significant. We constructed regression models with multiple markers to assess whether results at less stringent thresholds were likely to be truly associated with RR interval. We identified six novel associations with resting heart rate at six loci: 6q22 near GJA1; 14q12 near MYH7; 12p12 near SOX5, c12orf67, BCAT1, LRMP and CASC1; 6q22 near SLC35F1, PLN and c6orf204; 7q22 near SLC12A9 and UfSp1; and 11q12 near FADS1. Associations at 6q22 400 kb away from GJA1, at 14q12 MYH6 and at 1q32 near CD34 identified in previously published GWAS were confirmed. In aggregate, these variants explain approximately 0.7\% of RR interval variance. A multivariant regression model including 20 variants with P < 10(-5) increased the explained variance to 1.6\%, suggesting that some loci falling short of genome-wide significance are likely truly associated. Future research is warranted to elucidate underlying mechanisms that may impact clinical care}, keywords = {analysis, Disease, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, MULTIPLE, physiology, regression, Research, Risk, WHETHER, Work}, url = {vuams-pubs/Eijgelsheim_2010.pdf}, address = {These authors contributed equally to this work}, author = {Eijgelsheim, M. and Newton-Cheh, C. and Sotoodehnia, N. and de Bakker, P.I. and Muller, M. and Morrison, A.C. and Smith, A.V. and Isaacs, A. and Sanna, S. and Dorr, M. and Navarro, P. and Fuchsberger, C. and Nolte, I.M. and De Geus, E.J. and Estrada, K. and Hwang, S.J. and Bis, J.C. and Ruckert, I.M. and Alonso, A. and Launer, L.J. and Hottenga, J.J. and Rivadeneira, F. and Noseworthy, P.A. and Rice, K.M. and Perz, S. and Arking, D.E. and Spector, T.D. and Kors, J.A. and Aulchenko, Y.S. and Tarasov, K.V. and Homuth, G. and Wild, S.H. and Marroni, F. and Gieger, C. and Licht, C.M. and Prineas, R.J. and Hofman, A. and Rotter, J.I. and Hicks, A.A. and Ernst, F. and Najjar, S.S. and Wright, A.F. and Peters, A. and Fox, E.R. and Oostra, B.A. and Kroemer, H.K. and Couper, D. and Volzke, H. and Campbell, H. and Meitinger, T. and Uda, M. and Witteman, J.C. and Psaty, B.M. and Wichmann, H.E. and Harris, T.B. and Kaab, S. and Siscovick, D.S. and Jamshidi, Y. and Uitterlinden, A.G. and Folsom, A.R. and Larson, M.G. and Wilson, J.F. and Penninx, B.W. and Snieder, H. and Pramstaller, P.P. and van Duijn, C.M. and Lakatta, E.G. and Felix, S.B. and Gudnason, V. and Pfeufer, A. and Heckbert, S.R. and Stricker, B.H. and Boerwinkle, E. and O'Donnell, C.J.} } @Article { Luman2010, title = {Impaired decision making in oppositional defiant disorder related to altered psychophysiological responses to reinforcement}, journal = {Biol.Psychiatry}, year = {2010}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {337--344}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: When making decisions, children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) are thought to focus on reward and ignore penalty. This is suggested to be associated with a state of low psychophysiological arousal. METHODS: This study investigates decision making in 18 children with oppositional defiant disorder and 24 typically developing control subjects. Children were required to choose between three alternatives that carried either frequent small rewards and occasional small penalties (advantageous), frequent large rewards and increasing penalties (seductive), or frequent small rewards and increasing penalties (disadvantageous). Penalties in the seductive and disadvantageous alternatives increased either in frequency or magnitude in two conditions. Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance responses to reinforcement were obtained. RESULTS: In the magnitude condition, children with ODD showed an increased preference for the seductive alternative (carrying large rewards); this was not observed in the frequency condition. Children with ODD, compared with typically developing children, displayed greater HR reactivity to reward (more HR deceleration) and smaller HR reactivity to penalty. Correlation analyses showed that decreased HR responses to penalty were related to an increased preference for large rewards. No group differences were observed in skin conductance responses to reward or penalty. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that an increased preference for large rewards in children with ODD is related to a reduced cardiac reactivity to aversive stimuli. This confirms notions of impaired decision making and altered reinforcement sensitivity in children with ODD and adds to the literature linking altered autonomic control to antisocial behavior}, keywords = {Arousal, Decision Making, DISORDER, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, methods, Netherlands, Reward}, url = {vuams-pubs/Luman_2010.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.luman@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Luman, M. and Sergeant, J.A. and Knol, D.L. and Oosterlaan, J.} } @Article { Licht2010a, title = {Increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity rather than changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity is associated with metabolic abnormalities}, journal = {J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab}, year = {2010}, volume = {95}, number = {5}, pages = {2458--2466}, abstract = {CONTEXT: Stress is suggested to lead to metabolic dysregulations as clustered in the metabolic syndrome, but the underlying biological mechanisms are not yet well understood. OBJECTIVE: We examined the relationship between two main str systems, the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, with the metabolic syndrome and its components. DESIGN: The design was baseline data (yr 2004-2007) of a prospective cohort: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). SETTING: The study comprised general community, primary care, and specialized mental health care. PARTICIPANTS: This study included 1883 participants aged 18-65 yr. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Autonomic nervous system measures included heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; high RSA reflecting high parasympathetic activity), and preejection period (PEP; high PEP reflecting low sympathetic activity). HPA axis measures included the cortisol awakening response, evening cortisol, and a 0.5 mg dexamethasone suppression test as measured in saliva. Metabolic syndrome was based on the updated Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and included high waist circumference, serum triglycerides, blood pressure, serum glucose, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. RESULTS: RSA and PEP were both independently negatively associated with the presence of the metabolic syndrome, the number of metabolic dysregulations as well as all individual components except high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all P < 0.02). Heart rate was positively related to the metabolic syndrome, the number of metabolic dysregulations, and all individual components (all P < 0.001). HPA axis measures were not related to metabolic syndrome or its components. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic nervous system activity is associated with metabolic syndrome, whereas HPA axis activity is not}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Arrhythmias,Cardiac, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD-PRESSURE, Body Size, Cholesterol,HDL, COHORT, Depression, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Metabolic Syndrome X, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Patient Selection, physiology, physiopathology, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Pressure, Research, Saliva, Triglycerides, Young Adult}, url = {vuams-pubs/Licht_2010_JCEM.pdf}, address = {Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, AJ Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.licht@vumc.nl}, author = {Licht, C.M. and Vreeburg, S.A. and van Reedt Dortland, A.K. and Giltay, E.J. and Hoogendijk, W.J. and De Rijk, R.H. and Vogelzangs, N. and Zitman, F.G. and De Geus, E.J. and Penninx, B.W.} } @Article { Licht2010, title = {Longitudinal Evidence for Unfavorable Effects of Antidepressants on Heart Rate Variability}, journal = {Biol.Psychiatry}, year = {2010}, pages = {--}, abstract = {BACKGROUND:: It was previously shown that antidepressants are associated with diminished vagal control over the heart. Longitudinal studies are needed to test the causality of this association further. METHODS:: Longitudinal data were obtained in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. At baseline and at 2-year follow-up, heart rate and cardiac vagal control as indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia were measured in 2114 subjects (mean age = 42.0 years; 66.2\% female), who either used antidepressants at one or two time points (n = 603) or did not use antidepressants at any time point (n = 1511). Linear mixed-model analyses were conducted to compare changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia and heart rate over time across antidepressant-naive subjects, subjects who started using an antidepressant during follow-up, subjects who stopped using an antidepressant, and persistent antidepressant users. Analyses were adjusted for demographics, health, and lifestyle factors. RESULTS:: Compared with continuous nonusers, subjects who started the use of a tricyclic antidepressant or a serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressant showed a significantly greater increase in heart rate and a decrease of respiratory sinus arrhythmia at 2 years. Subjects who started the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors also showed a decrease in respiratory sinus arrhythmia, but their heart rate did not increase. Discontinuing antidepressants systematically caused opposite effects; levels returned in the direction of those observed among nonusers. CONCLUSIONS:: These 2-year longitudinal results indicate that all antidepressants cause a decrease in cardiac vagal control. After discontinuing antidepressants, autonomic function recovers, suggesting that the unfavorable effects are (partly) reversible}, keywords = {antidepressant, ANTIDEPRESSANTS, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, LEVEL, Longitudinal Studies, methods, Netherlands, psychiatry, RATE-VARIABILITY, Research, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, Time, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Licht_2010.pdf}, address = {Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Univwersity Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, author = {Licht, C.M. and De Geus, E.J. and Dyck, R.V. and Penninx, B.W.} } @Article { Out2010, title = {Physiological reactivity to infant crying: a behavioral genetic study}, journal = {Genes Brain Behav.}, year = {2010}, pages = {--}, abstract = {In this study, we examined adults' cardiac reactivity to repeated infant cry sounds in a genetically informative design. Three episodes of cry stimuli were presented to a sample of 184 adult twin pairs. Cardiac reactivity increased with each cry episode, indicating that subjects were increasingly sensitized to repeated infant distress signals. Non-parents showed more cardiac reactivity than parents, and males displayed a larger increase in heart rate (HR) in response to repeated cry sounds than females. Multivariate genetic modeling showed that the genetic component of adults' HR while listening to infant crying was substantial. Genetic factors explained 37-51\% of the variance in HR and similar genes influenced HR at baseline and HR reactivity to infant crying. The remaining variance in HR across the cry paradigm was accounted for by unique environmental influences (including measurement error). These results point to genetic and experiential effects on HR reactivity to infant crying that may contribute to the explanation of variance in sensitive and harsh parenting}, keywords = {Adult, Child, Crying, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Infant, Male, Netherlands, Parents}, url = {vuams-pubs/Out_2010.pdf}, address = {Institute of Education and Child Studies, Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands}, author = {Out, D. and Pieper, S. and Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. and van Ijzendoorn, M.H.} } @Article { Busscher2010, title = {Physiological reactivity to phobic stimuli in people with fear of flying}, journal = {Journal of Psychosomatic Research}, year = {2010}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, pages = {309--317}, abstract = {Objective: The nature of the relationship between physiological and subjective responses in phobic subjects remains unclear. Phobics have been thought to be characterized by a heightened physiological response (physiological perspective) or by a heightened perception of a normal physiological response (psychological perspective). Method: In this study, we examined subjective measures of anxiety, heart rate (HR), and cardiac autonomic responses to flight-related stimuli in 127 people who applied for fear-of-flying therapy at a specialized treatment center and in 36 controls without aviophobia. Results: In keeping with the psychological perspective, we found a large increase in subjective distress (eta(2)=.43) during exposure to flight-related stimuli in the phobics and no change in subjective distress in the controls, whereas the physiological responses of both groups were indiscriminate. However, in keeping with the physiological perspective, we found that, within the group of phobics, increases in subjective fear during exposure were moderately strong coupled to HR (r=.208, P=.022) and cardiac vagal P=.028) reactivity. In contrast to predictions by the psychological perspective, anxiety sensitivity did not modulate this coupling. Conclusion: We conclude that subjective fear responses and autonomic responses are only loosely coupled during mildly threatening exposure to flight-related stimuli. More ecologically valid exposure to phobic stimuli may be needed to test the predictions from the physiological and psychological perspectives. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved}, keywords = {Anxiety, Anxiety sensitivity, Aviophobics, Flight phobia, FLIGHT PHOBICS, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, IMPEDANCE CARDIOGRAPHY, INTEROCEPTIVE AWARENESS, Netherlands, PANIC DISORDER, Pre-ejection period (PEP), RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), SECRETORY IMMUNITY, SELF-REPORT, therapy, Time, TREATMENT PROGRAMS}, url = {vuams-pubs/Busscher_2009.pdf}, address = {VALK Fdn, NL-2300 AC Leiden, Netherlands Leiden Univ, Dept Clin Hlth \& Neuropsychol, Leiden, Netherlands Leiden Univ, Dept Psychiat, Med Ctr, Leiden, Netherlands Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Biol Psychol, Amsterdam, Netherlands}, ISSN = {0022-3999}, author = {Busscher, B. and van Gerwen, L.J. and Spinhoven, P. and de Geus, E.J.C.} } @Article { BusscherGSd2010, title = {Physiological reactivity to phobic stimuli in people with fear of flying}, journal = {Journal of Psychosomatic Research}, year = {2010}, number = {69}, pages = {309-317}, abstract = {Objective: The nature of the relationship between physiological and subjective responses in phobic subjects remains unclear. Phobics have been thought to be characterized by a heightened physiological response (physiological perspective) or by a heightened perception of a normal physiological response (psychological perspective). Method: In this study, we examined subjective measures of anxiety, heart rate (HR), and cardiac autonomic responses to flight-related stimuli in 127 people who applied for fear-of-flying therapy at a specialized treatment center and in 36 controls without aviophobia. Results: In keeping with the psychological perspective, we found a large increase in subjective distress (\&\#951;2=.43) during exposure to flight-related stimuli in the phobics and no change in subjective distress in the controls, whereas the physiological responses of both groups were indiscriminate. However, in keeping with the physiological perspective, we found that, within the group of phobics, increases in subjective fear during exposure were moderately strong coupled to HR (r=.208, P=.022) and cardiac vagal (r=.199, P=.028) reactivity. In contrast to predictions by the psychological perspective, anxiety sensitivity did not modulate this coupling. Conclusion: We conclude that subjective fear responses and autonomic responses are only loosely coupled during mildly threatening exposure to flight-related stimuli. More ecologically valid exposure to phobic stimuli may be needed to test the predictions from the physiological and psychological perspectives.}, keywords = {Flight phobia; Aviophobics; Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA); Pre-ejection period (PEP); Anxiety sensitivity}, url = {vuams-pubs/Busscher_JPR_2010.pdf}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.12.005}, author = {Busscher, Bert and Gerwen, Lucas J. and Spinhoven, Philip and de Geus, Eco J.C.} } @Article { TaelmanVWBOVV2010, title = {Stress during Pregnancy: Is the Autonomic Nervous System Influenced by Anxiety?}, journal = {Computing in Cardiology}, year = {2010}, pages = {725-728}, abstract = {The goal of this study was to investigate whether anx- iety during pregnancy can be linked with the autonomic nervous system (ANS) via different heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. More than 100 pregnant women were included and underwent 24h ECG monitoring including a stress test and the state trait anxiety inventory (STAI) ques- tionnaire, dividing them in a low, medium or high anxi- ety group. Standard time and frequency domain and non- linear HRV parameters were calculated to describe self- similarity, complexity and chaotic signatures. Almost all HRV parameters were negatively correlated with the anx- iety level, though not statistically significant, except the chaos level. Positive correlations were found for detrended fluctuation analysis and sympathetic activity parameters. Most of the significant between-group differences were found between the low and medium anxiety groups. To conclude, the ANS modulation is slightly influenced by the anxiety level, but not as strongly as hypothesized before.}, keywords = {Chaos , Correlation , Hafnium , Heart rate variability , Pregnancy , Psychology , Stress}, url = {vuams-pubs/Taelman_2011.pdf}, ISSN = {0276-6547}, author = {Taelman, Joachim and Vandeput, Steven and Widjaja, Devy and Braeken, Marijke AKA and Otte, Renee A and Van den Bergh, Bea RH and Van Huffel, Sabine} } @Article { vanEijsdenVGv2010, title = {The Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) study}, journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology}, year = {2010}, keywords = {Pregnancy, Infant, Child}, url = {vuams-pubs/Eijsden_2010.pdf}, author = {van Eijsden, M and Vrijkotte, TGM and Gemke, RJBJ and van der Wal, MF} } @Article { Houtveen2010, title = {Using multilevel path analysis in analyzing 24-h ambulatory physiological recordings applied to medically unexplained symptoms}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2010}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, pages = {570--578}, abstract = {A non-clinical group high on heterogeneous medically unexplained symptoms (MUS; n=97) was compared with healthy controls (n=66) on the within-subject relationships between physiological measures using multilevel path analysis. Momentary experienced somatic complaints, mood (tension and depression), cardiac autonomic activity (inter-beat intervals, pre-ejection period (PEP), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)) and respiration (rate and partial pressure of CO(2) at the end of a normal expiration) were monitored for 24 h using electronic diary and ambulatory devices. Relationships between measures were controlled for diurnal variation and individual means. Only subtle group differences were found in the diurnal rhythm and in the within-subject relationships between physiological measures. For participants high on MUS, within-subject changes in bodily symptoms were related to changes in mood, but only marginally to the physiological measures. Results of the current path analysis confirm the subordinate role of cardiac autonomic and respiratory parameters in MUS}, keywords = {Adult, Affect, Algorithms, Autonomic Nervous System, Cardiography,Impedance, Circadian Rhythm, Data Interpretation,Statistical, Disease, Electroencephalography, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Monitoring,Ambulatory, Motor Activity, physiology, physiopathology, Pressure, psychology, Respiration, Respiratory Physiological Phenomena, statistics \& numerical data, Stress,Psychological}, url = {vuams-pubs/Houtveen_2010.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.h.houtveen@uu.nl}, author = {Houtveen, J.H. and Hamaker, E.L. and Van Doornen, L.J.} } @Phdthesis { Riddel2010, title = {CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE AND PROGENITOR CELL MOBILIZATION DURING ACUTE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND BETA- ADRENERGIC STIMULATION}, year = {2010}, abstract = {This thesis investigated the effect of acute psychological stress and -adrenergic receptor ( AR) stimulation on the mobilization of CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD8TLs) and progenitor cell (PC) populations. Chapter 2 demonstrated that CD8TL stress- and AR- sensitivity increases in parallel with greater effector functions and cell differentiation. As Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection influences CD8TL differentiation, Chapter 3 compared the mobilization of cytotoxic lymphocytes in CMV seropositive and seronegative individuals; CMV infection enhanced the stress reactivity of CD8TLs, CD4TLs and NKT-like cells. Chapter 4 examined whether antigen-specificity could modulate CD8TL stress- and AR-sensitivity. CMV-specific cells demonstrated enhanced mobilization compared to the total-memory CD8TL and the total Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) population. In Chapter 5, we demonstrated that PC subsets, capable of both replenishing leukocyte populations and maintaining endothelial integrity, were also mobilized by acute psychological stress. This result was not replicated by AR- agonist infusion suggesting the involvement of AR or non-adrenergic mechanism. In sum, the current findings suggest that stress mobilization serves to protect the host by increasing immune protection and tissue repair mechanisms. However, such a response may also be detrimental dependent on the circumstance, i.e., infection versus inflammation.}, url = {vuams-pubs/PhD_Riddel _2010.pdf}, school = {School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham}, author = {Riddel, Natalie E.} } @Phdthesis { Walker2010, title = {PREDICTING TEAM WORKLOAD AND PERFORMANCE USING TEAM AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The development of a team measure of autonomic activity has a wide variety of applications. During team training, an index of team autonomic activity could potentially have added value for real-time feedback, team selection and performance evaluation. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between autonomic activity measures, workload, and performance, on both an individual and team level. Specifically, this study sought to determine whether changes in workload could be detected in measures of autonomic activity and whether changes in the autonomic measures related to changes in performance. 34 teams of two (35 males, 33 females) completed a processing plant simulation during 4 varying levels of individual and team difficulty. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity was measured throughout the task using an electrocardiogram (ECG) and an impedance cardiogram (ICG), in addition to the NASA-TLX. SNS and PNS measures were combined to produce a team autonomic activity measure that was used to predict team workload and performance. Results showed that workload and performance varied across the task difficulty levels with higher difficulty producing higher workload and worse performance. Regressions conducted predicting team performance from team autonomic activity showed that team autonomic activity accounted for 10\% of the variance in team performance scores. Further exploratory analyses showed interesting relations between autonomic activity and performance when examining the task difficulty levels separately. These analyses discovered that during the mixed individual difficulty levels, one team member's physiology was consistently correlated with the other team member's performance. In conclusion, the current study showed that team performance can be predicted from team autonomic activity, and that individual team member physiology has the potential to provide an index of team related behaviors (e.g. mutual performance monitoring and back-up behaviors).}, url = {vuams-pubs/PhD_Walker_clemson_2010.pdf}, school = {Clemson University}, author = {Walker, Alexander D} } @Article { OveisCGSHK2009, title = {Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia is associated with tonic positive emotionality.}, journal = {Emotion}, year = {2009}, month = {4}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {265-270}, abstract = {Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSAREST) indexes important aspects of individual differences in emotionality. In the present investigation, the authors address whether RSAREST is associated with tonic positive or negative emotionality, and whether RSAREST relates to phasic emotional responding to discrete positive emotion-eliciting stimuli. Across an 8-month, multiassessment study of first-year university students (n = 80), individual differences in RSAREST were associated with positive but not negative tonic emotionality, assessed at the level of personality traits, long-term moods, the disposition toward optimism, and baseline reports of current emotional states. RSAREST was not related to increased positive emotion, or stimulus-specific emotion, in response to compassion-, awe-, or pride-inducing stimuli. These findings suggest that resting RSA indexes aspects of a person's tonic positive emotionality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)}, url = {vuams-pubs/Oveis.pdf}, web_url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/emo/9/2/265/}, DOI = {10.1037/a0015383}, author = {Oveis, Christopher and Cohen, Adam B. and Gruber, June and Shiota, Michelle N. and Haidt, Jonathan and Keltner, Dacher} } @Article { Bosch2009, title = {A general enhancement of autonomic and cortisol responses during social evaluative threat}, journal = {Psychosom.Med.}, year = {2009}, volume = {71}, number = {8}, pages = {877--885}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the Social Self Preservation Theory, which predicts that stressors involving social evaluative threat (SET) characteristically activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The idea that distinct psychosocial factors may underlie specific patterns of neuroendocrine stress responses has been a topic of recurrent debate. METHODS: Sixty-one healthy university students (n = 31 females) performed a challenging speech task in one of three conditions that aimed to impose increasing levels of SET: performing the task alone (no social evaluation), with one evaluating observer, or with four evaluating observers. Indices of sympathetic (preejection period) and parasympathetic (heart rate variability) cardiac drive were obtained by impedance- and electrocardiography. Salivary cortisol was used to index HPA activity. Questionnaires assessed affective responses. RESULTS: Affective responses (shame/embarrassment, anxiety, negative affect, and self-esteem), cortisol, heart rate, sympathetic and parasympathetic activation all differentiated evaluative from nonevaluative task conditions (p < .001). The largest effect sizes were observed for cardiac autonomic responses. Physiological reactivity increased in parallel with increasing audience size (p < .001). An increase in cortisol was predicted by sympathetic activation during the task (p < .001), but not by affective responses. CONCLUSION: It would seem that SET determines the magnitude, rather than the pattern, of physiological activation. This potential to perturb broadly multiple physiological systems may help explain why social stress has been associated with a range of health outcomes. We propose a threshold-activation model as a physiological explanation for why engaging stressors, such as those involving social evaluation or uncontrollability, may seem to induce selectively cortisol release}, keywords = {Adult, Affect, analysis, Anxiety, Autonomic Nervous System, Blood Pressure, Cardiography,Impedance, chemistry, Drive, Electrocardiography, Exercise, Female, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Interpersonal Relations, LEVEL, Life Change Events, methods, MULTIPLE, physiology, Pituitary-Adrenal System, psychology, Questionnaires, RATE-VARIABILITY, Research, Saliva, secretion, Self Concept, Shame, Speech, Stress, Stress,Psychological, Students, Universities, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Bosch_2009.pdf}, address = {School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. j.a.bosch@bham.ac.uk}, author = {Bosch, J.A. and De Geus, E.J. and Carroll, D. and Goedhart, A.D. and Anane, L.A. and van Zanten, J.J. and Helmerhorst, E.J. and Edwards, K.M.} } @Article { Licht2009, title = {Association between anxiety disorders and heart rate variability in The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)}, journal = {Psychosom.Med.}, year = {2009}, volume = {71}, number = {5}, pages = {508--518}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients with different types of anxiety disorder (panic disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder) have higher heart rate and lower heart rate variability compared with healthy controls in a sample that was sufficiently powered to examine the confounding effects of lifestyle and antidepressants. METHODS: The standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), heart rate (HR), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were measured in 2059 subjects (mean age = 41.7 years, 66.8\% female) participating in The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) and Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), NESDA participants were classified as healthy controls (n = 616), subjects with an anxiety diagnosis earlier in life (n = 420), and subjects with current anxiety diagnosis (n = 1059). RESULTS: Current anxious subjects had a significantly lower SDNN and RSA compared with controls. RSA was also significantly lower in remitted anxious subjects compared with controls. These associations were similar across the three different types of anxiety disorders. Adjustment for lifestyle had little impact. However, additional adjustment for antidepressant use reduced all significant associations between anxiety and HRV to nonsignificant. Anxious subjects who used a tricyclic antidepressant, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, or another antidepressant showed significantly lower mean SDNN and RSA compared with controls (effect sizes = 0.20-0.80 for SDNN and 0.42-0.79 for RSA). Nonmedicated anxious subjects did not differ from controls in mean SDNN and RSA. CONCLUSION: This study shows that anxiety disorders are associated with significantly lower HR variability, but the association seems to be driven by the effects of antidepressants}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, agents, antidepressant, ANTIDEPRESSANTS, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Arrhythmia,Sinus, Arrhythmias,Cardiac, Comorbidity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder,Major, diagnosis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DISORDER, DISORDERS, drug therapy, Electrocardiography, epidemiology, Female, GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER, Health Status, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders, methods, Middle Aged, Netherlands, panic, PANIC DISORDER, Phobic Disorders, physiology, physiopathology, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, psychiatry, psychology, Questionnaires, RATE-VARIABILITY, Research, Respiration, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, therapeutic use, Universities, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, WHETHER}, url = {vuams-pubs/Licht_2009.pdf}, address = {Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center, AJ Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. C.Licht@vumc.nl}, author = {Licht, C.M. and De Geus, E.J. and Dyck R., van and Penninx, B.W.} } @Article { Doornen2009, title = {Burnout versus work engagement in their effects on 24-hour ambulatory monitored cardiac autonomic function}, journal = {Stress and Health}, year = {2009}, volume = {25}, number = {4}, pages = {323--331}, abstract = {Burnout has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This relationship may be mediated by a stress-related disruption in cardiac autonomic activity. The aim of the present study was to assess cardiac autonomic activity (sympathetic and parasympathetic) during a working day in burned out managers. Thirty burned out, 29 healthy control and 29 engaged managers (a psychologically contrasting group) were identified using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Twenty-four-bour ambulatory measurements were carried out during a regular workday and the subsequent night. Pre-ejection period (PEP) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were used as measures of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, respectively. Contrary to expectations, the burned out, engaged and control groups did not differ in cardiac sympathetic and cardiac parasympathetic activity, or heart rate. Thus, burnout does not seem to be associated with an unfavourable cardiac autonomic profile. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}, keywords = {BLOOD-PRESSURE, burnout, cardiovascular, CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE RISK, Disease, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, JOB STRAIN, MASLACH BURNOUT, Netherlands, parasympathetic activity, POSITIVE AFFECT, pre-ejection period, pre-ejection-period (PEP), RESEARCH DIRECTIONS, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), Risk, Stress, Time, VAGAL CONTROL, VITAL EXHAUSTION, Work, work engagement}, url = {vuams-pubs/van_Doornen_2009.pdf}, address = {Univ Utrecht, Dept Clin \& Hlth Psychol, Res Sch Psychol \& Hlth, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands Univ Utrecht, Dept Psychol, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands Erasmus Univ, Inst Psychol, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands ArboNed Utrecht, Utrecht, Net}, ISSN = {1532-3005}, author = {van Doornen, L.J.P. and Houtveen, J.H. and Langelaan, S. and Bakker, A.B. and van Rhenen, W. and Schaufeli, W.B.} } @Article { Schuengel2009, title = {Children with disrupted attachment histories: interventions and psychophysiological indices of effects}, journal = {Child Adolesc.Psychiatry Ment.Health}, year = {2009}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {26--}, abstract = {Diagnosis and treatment of children affected by disruptions of attachment (out of home placement, multiple changes of primary caregiver) is an area of considerable controversy. The possible contribution of psychobiological theories is discussed in three parts. The first part relates the attachment theoretical perspective to major psychobiological theories on the developmental associations of parent-child relationships and emotional response. The second part reviews studies of autonomic reactivity and HPA-axis activity with foster children, showing that foster children show more reactivity within physiological systems facilitating fight or flight behaviours rather than social engagement, especially foster children with atypical attachment behaviour. The third part is focused on treatment of children suffering from the consequences of disrupted attachment, based on a psychotherapy study with psychophysiological outcome measures. Implications are discussed for theory, diagnosis, and intervention}, keywords = {ATTACHMENT, Child, CHILDREN, diagnosis, MULTIPLE, Netherlands, Universities}, url = {vuams-pubs/Oosterman_2009.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.schuengel@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Schuengel, C. and Oosterman, M. and Sterkenburg, P.S.} } @Article { Licht2009a, title = {Depression is associated with decreased blood pressure, but antidepressant use increases the risk for hypertension}, journal = {Hypertension}, year = {2009}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {631--638}, abstract = {The present study compared blood pressure levels between subjects with clinical anxiety and depressive disorders with healthy controls. Cross-sectional data were obtained in a large cohort study, the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (N=2981). Participants were classified as controls (N=590) or currently or remittedly depressed or anxious subjects (N=2028), of which 1384 were not and 644 were using antidepressants. Regression analyses calculated the contributions of anxiety and depressive disorders and antidepressant use to diastolic and systolic blood pressures, after controlling for multiple covariates. Heart rate and heart rate variability measures were subsequently added to test whether effects of anxiety/depression or medication were mediated by vagal control over the heart. Higher mean diastolic blood pressure was found among the current anxious subjects (beta=0.932; P=0.03), although anxiety was not significantly related to hypertension risk. Remitted and current depressed subjects had a lower mean systolic blood pressure (beta=-1.74, P=0.04 and beta=-2.35, P=0.004, respectively) and were significantly less likely to have isolated systolic hypertension than controls. Users of tricyclic antidepressants had higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures and were more likely to have hypertension stage 1 (odds ratio: 1.90; 95\% CI: 0.94 to 3.84; P=0.07) and stage 2 (odds ratio: 3.19; 95\% CI: 1.35 to 7.59; P=0.008). Users of noradrenergic and serotonergic working antidepressants were more likely to have hypertension stage 1. This study shows that depressive disorder is associated with low systolic blood pressure and less hypertension, whereas the use of certain antidepressants is associated with both high diastolic and systolic blood pressures and hypertension}, keywords = {administration \& dosage, Adolescent, Adult, adverse effects, Aged, agents, antidepressant, ANTIDEPRESSANTS, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD PRESSURES, BLOOD-PRESSURE, COHORT, Cohort Studies, cross-sectional, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, DISORDER, DISORDERS, drug effects, drug therapy, epidemiology, Female, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, Hypertension, ISOLATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION, LEVEL, Linear Models, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, MULTIPLE, Netherlands, Odds Ratio, Pressure, Prevalence, psychiatry, RATE-VARIABILITY, RATIO, regression, Research, Risk, Risk Factors, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, WHETHER, Young Adult}, url = {vuams-pubs/Licht_2009_Hypertension.pdf}, address = {Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, AJ Ernststraat 887, 1081 HL, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. C.Licht@vumc.nl}, author = {Licht, C.M. and De Geus, E.J. and Seldenrijk, A. and Hout H.P., van and Zitman, F.G. and van Dyck, R. and Penninx, B.W.} } @Article { Beer2009, title = {Early growth patterns and cardiometabolic function at the age of 5 in a multiethnic birth cohort: the ABCD study}, journal = {BMC Pediatr.}, year = {2009}, volume = {9}, pages = {23--}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The relation between fetal growth retardation and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in later life has been demonstrated in many studies. However, debate exists around the potential independent role of postnatal growth acceleration. Furthermore, it is unknown whether a potential effect of growth acceleration on cardiovascular and metabolic function is confined to certain time frames.The present study assesses the (predictive) role of prenatal and postnatal growth on 5 components of cardiovascular and metabolic function in children aged 5. The potential association of timing of postnatal growth acceleration with these outcomes will be explored. METHODS AND DESIGN: Prospective multiethnic community-based cohort study of 8266 pregnancies (Amsterdam Born Children and their Development, ABCD study). Up till now, anthropometry of 5104 children from the original cohort was followed during the first 5 years of life, with additional information about birth weight, pregnancy duration, and various potential confounding variables.At age 5, various components of cardiovascular and metabolic function are being measured. Outcome variables are body size, body composition and fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, blood pressure and autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function. DISCUSSION: This study will be one of the first population-based prospective cohort studies to address the association between measures of both prenatal and postnatal growth and various components of cardiovascular and metabolic function. Specific attention is paid to the timing of acceleration in growth and its potential association with the outcome variables. Importantly, the longitudinal design of this study gives us the opportunity to gain more insight into growth trajectories associated with adverse outcomes in later life. If identified as an independent risk factor, this provides further basis for the hypothesis that accelerated growth during the first years of life is a modifiable factor for the prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in later life. Moreover, identification of specific vulnerable periods during development may reveal suitable time frames for early interventions}, keywords = {Anthropometry, Birth Weight, blood, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Composition, Body Mass Index, Body Size, Cardiovascular System, Child Development, Child,Preschool, Female, Fetal Development, Follow-Up Studies, Gestational Age, Humans, Lipids, Male, metabolism, physiology, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies}, url = {vuams-pubs/DeBeer_2009.pdf}, address = {Department of Pediatrics, EMGO Institute, Institute for Cardiovascular Research VU, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. M.deBeer@vumc.nl}, author = {de Beer, M. and Van Eijsden, M. and Vrijkotte, T.G. and Gemke, R.J.} } @Article { Graham2009, title = {Habitual traffic noise at home reduces cardiac parasympathetic tone during sleep}, journal = {Int.J.Psychophysiol.}, year = {2009}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, pages = {179--186}, abstract = {The relationships between road and rail traffic noise with pre-ejection period (PEP) and with respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during sleep, as indices of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system tone, were investigated in the field (36 subjects, with 188 and 192 valid subject nights for PEP and RSA, respectively). Two analyses were conducted. The first analysis investigated the overall relationships across the entire sleep period. A second analysis investigated differences in the relationships between the first and second halves of the sleep period. Separate multilevel linear regression models for PEP and RSA were employed. Potential covariates for each model were selected from the same pool of variables, which included: gender, age, body-mass index, education level, traffic noise source type, intake of medication, caffeine, alcohol and cigarette smoke, and hindrance during sleep due to the ambulatory recordings. RSA models were adjusted for respiration rate. Mean indoor traffic noise exposure was negatively related to mean RSA during the sleep period, specifically during the second half of the sleep period. Both respiration rate and age were negatively associated with RSA. No significant relationships were observed for PEP. The results indicate that higher indoor traffic noise exposure levels may lead to cardiac parasympathetic withdrawal during sleep, specifically during the second half of the sleep period. No effect of indoor traffic noise on cardiac sympathetic tone was observed}, keywords = {Adaptation,Physiological, Adolescent, Adult, adverse effects, Arrhythmia,Sinus, Body Mass Index, Electrocardiography, Female, Humans, Male, methods, Middle Aged, Myocardial Contraction, Noise,Transportation, Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology, physiopathology, Respiration, Sex Factors, Sleep, Time Factors, Young Adult}, url = {vuams-pubs/Graham_2009.pdf}, address = {Department of Environment and Health, TNO Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Delft, The Netherlands. jamie.graham@tno.nl}, author = {Graham, J.M. and Janssen, S.A. and Vos, H. and Miedema, H.M.} } @Article { Posthumus2009, title = {Heart rate and skin conductance in four-year-old children with aggressive behavior}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2009}, volume = {82}, number = {2}, pages = {164--168}, abstract = {Autonomic underarousal, indicated by low heart rate (HR) and skin conductance level (SCL), is related to childhood aggression. However, results are inconsistent in preschoolers. We assessed HR, SCL, heart rate reactivity and skin conductance reactivity in four-year-old children. Comparisons were made between children with a high level and with a low level of aggressive behavior according to the Child Behavior Checklist 1 1/2-5 as well as between children who were diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder (ODD/CD) and children with a low level of aggression. Preschool children with a high level of aggressive behavior showed lower SCL and SCR and children with ODD/CD showed lower SCL. In contrast, we did not find lower HR and HRR in preschool children with a high level of aggressive behavior or ODD/CD. Thus, results suggest that decreased SCL, but not HR, is a characteristic of preschool children with aggressive behavior or ODD/CD}, keywords = {Adolescent, Aggression, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Child, Child,Preschool, Conduct Disorder, diagnosis, Electrocardiography, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, methods, Netherlands, physiology, physiopathology, Psychophysics}, url = {vuams-pubs/Posthumus_2009.pdf}, address = {Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands}, author = {Posthumus, J.A. and Bocker, K.B. and Raaijmakers, M.A. and H., Van Engeland and Matthys, W.} } @Article { Vella2009, title = {Hostility and anger in: Cardiovascular reactivity and recovery to mental arithmetic stress}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {2009}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, pages = {253--259}, abstract = {Background: Hostility and anger have been attributed as psychosocial risk factors for coronary heart disease. Heightened cardiovascular reactivity (CVR), and poor recovery, to provocative stressors are thought to hasten this risk. Purpose: To examine the relationship between hostility and anger inhibition (M), and the moderating situational influences of harassment and evaluation, in predicting CVR and recovery to mental arithmetic (MA) stress using a multiple regression approach. Methods: 48 male undergraduate students engaged in the following 3 minute tasks during recording of the electrocardiogram, impedance cardiography, and blood pressure: baseline, MA, and evaluation. Hostility and AI were assessed with the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale and the Speilberger Anger In subscale, respectively. Results: An interaction between hostility and AI showed high diastolic blood pressure reactivity to the MA task among hostile anger inhibitors. Harassment did not modify this effect. However, harasser evaluation predicted prolonged systolic blood pressure (SBP) responding among men scoring high in AI, and facilitated SBP recovery among those scoring low on AI. Conclusions: The findings highlight the interactive influences of AI and hostility in predicting CVR to stress and underscore the importance of recovery assessments in understanding the potentially pathogenic associations of these constructs. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved}, keywords = {Anger, Anger-in, AUTONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD-PRESSURE, cardiovascular, cardiovascular reactivity, CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE, CYNICAL HOSTILITY, DEFENSIVE HOSTILITY, Disease, Evaluation, FREQUENCY-DOMAIN, Harassment, Heart, Hostility, IMPEDANCE CARDIOGRAPHY, Male, MEN, methods, MULTIPLE, Netherlands, Pressure, RATE-VARIABILITY, REACTIVITY, recovery, regression, Risk, Risk Factors, Stress, Students, Time, TRAIT HOSTILITY, WOMEN, WORRY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Vella___Friedman_2009.pdf}, address = {Univ So Maine, Dept Psychol, Portland, ME 04104 USA Virginia Tech, Dept Psychol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA}, ISSN = {0167-8760}, author = {Vella, E.J. and Friedman, B.H.} } @Article { Willemen2009, title = {Physiological regulation of stress in referred adolescents: the role of the parent-adolescent relationship}, journal = {J.Child Psychol.Psychiatry}, year = {2009}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, pages = {482--490}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Psychopathology in youth appears to be linked to deficits in regulating affective responses to stressful situations. In children, high-quality parental support facilitates affect regulation. However, in adolescence, the role of parent-child interaction in the regulation of affect is unclear. This study examined physiological reactivity to and recovery from stress in adolescents at risk for psychopathology, and their associations with internalising and externalising problems and parent-adolescent interactions. METHODS: A total of 99 adolescents (M = 13.57 years, SD = 1.83) with a history of mental health problems underwent the Alarm Stress Task and were reunited with their primary caregiver after the stressor, while the physiological responses of the parasympathetic (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and sympathetic (pre-ejection period) systems were measured. The quality of parent-adolescent interaction was determined from observations of secure-base seeking and providing during the task. Affect regulation was measured as physiological reactivity and recovery after the stressor. RESULTS: Adolescents with high levels of externalising problems and low levels of secure-base support showed weaker parasympathetic reactivity and recovery. Higher level of adolescent secure-base seeking was associated with stronger sympathetic reactivity and recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Secure-base interactions between parents and adolescents facilitate physiological regulation of stress, especially for adolescents with externalising symptomatology}, keywords = {Adaptation,Psychological, Adolescent, Affect, Arrhythmia,Sinus, Child, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, methods, Netherlands, Neuropsychological Tests, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, physiopathology, psychology, Stress,Psychological, Sympathetic Nervous System, therapy}, url = {vuams-pubs/Willemen_2009.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AM.Willemen@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Willemen, A.M. and Schuengel, C. and Koot, H.M.} } @Article { SackHWL2008, title = {Psychophysiological Changes During EMDR and Treatment Outcome}, journal = {Journal of EMDR Practice and Research}, year = {2008}, month = {11}, day = {1}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {239-246}, abstract = {This study was designed to investigate the question of whether psychophysiological changes during EMDR sessions are related to subjective and objective reduction of PTSD symptoms. During-session changes in autonomic tone in relation to session-to-session changes of subjective stress, trauma-related symptoms, and psychophysiological reactions during a traumatic reminder were investigated in 10 patients suffering from single-trauma PTSD. Treatment duration followed each patient's individual needs and ranged between 1 and 4 sessions, resulting in a total of 24 EMDR treatment sessions from which psychophysiological data were completely recorded. Treatment with EMDR was followed by a significant reduction of trauma-related symptoms, elimination of the PTSD diagnosis in 8 of the 10 participants, as well as by significantly reduced psychophysiological reactivity to an individualized trauma script. Psychophysiological dearousal in sessions correlated significantly with decrease in script-related reactions in heart rate and parasympathetic tone, and with changes in subjective disturbance. Our results indicate that information processing during EMDR is followed by during-session decrease in psychophysiological activity, reduced subjective disturbance and reduced stress reactivity to traumatic memory.}, keywords = {EMDR; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WORKING MECHANISM}, url = {vuams-pubs/Sack.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/springer/emdr/2008/00000002/00000004/art00002}, DOI = {10.1891/1933-3196.2.4.239}, author = {Sack, Martin and Hofmann, Arne and Wizelman, Leah and Lempa, Wolfgang} } @Article { GruberJOK2008, title = {Risk for mania and positive emotional responding: Too much of a good thing?}, journal = {Emotion}, year = {2008}, month = {2}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {23-33}, url = {vuams-pubs/Gruber.pdf}, web_url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/emo/8/1/23/}, DOI = {10.1037/1528-3542.8.1.23}, author = {Gruber, June and Johnson, Sheri L. and Oveis, Christopher and Keltner, Dacher} } @Article { Sack2008, title = {Alterations in autonomic tone during trauma exposure using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)--results of a preliminary investigation}, journal = {J.Anxiety.Disord.}, year = {2008}, volume = {22}, number = {7}, pages = {1264--1271}, abstract = {EMDR combines stimuli that evoke divided attention--e.g. eye movements--with exposure to traumatic memories. Our objective was to investigate psycho-physiological correlates of EMDR during treatment sessions. A total of 55 treatment sessions from 10 patients with PTSD was monitored applying impedance cardiography. Onset of every stimulation/exposure period (n=811) was marked and effects within and across stimulation sets on heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), pre-ejection period (PEP) and respiration rate were examined. At stimulation onsets a sharp increase of HRV and a significant decrease of HR was noticed indicating de-arousal. During ongoing stimulation, PEP and HRV decreased significantly while respiration rate significantly increased, indicating stress-related arousal. However, across entire sessions a significant decrease of psycho-physiological activity was noticed, evidenced by progressively decreasing HR and increasing HRV. These findings suggest that EMDR is associated with patterns of autonomic activity associated with substantial psycho-physiological de-arousal over time}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Cardiography,Impedance, Child, Desensitization,Psychologic, diagnosis, Electrocardiography, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, instrumentation, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, physiology, psychology, Psychometrics, Psychophysiology, Respiration, Saccades, Stress Disorders,Post-Traumatic, therapy, Time Factors}, url = {vuams-pubs/Sack_2008.pdf}, address = {Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Technical University Munich, Langerstrasse 3, 81675 Munich, Germany. m.sack@tum.de}, author = {Sack, M. and Lempa, W. and Steinmetz, A. and Lamprecht, F. and Hofmann, A.} } @Article { Licht2008, title = {Association between major depressive disorder and heart rate variability in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)}, journal = {Arch.Gen.Psychiatry}, year = {2008}, volume = {65}, number = {12}, pages = {1358--1367}, abstract = {CONTEXT: It has been hypothesized that depression is associated with lower heart rate variability and decreased cardiac vagal control. This may play an important role in the risk of cardiovascular disease among depressed individuals. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether heart rate variability was lower in depressed individuals than in healthy controls in a large adult sample. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analyses from a large depression cohort study. SETTING: The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand three hundred seventy-three individuals (mean age, 41.8 years; 66.8\% female) who participated in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Included were 524 controls, 774 individuals with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) earlier in life (remitted MDD), and 1075 individuals with current MDD based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. This sample was sufficiently powered to examine the confounding effects of lifestyle, comorbid anxiety, and antidepressants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The standard deviation of normal-to-normal beats (SDNN) and cardiac vagal control, as indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), were measured during 1(1/2) hours of ambulatory recording of electrocardiograms and thorax impedance. Multivariate analyses were conducted to compare SDNN and RSA across depression groups after adjustment for demographics, health, lifestyle, comorbid anxiety, and psychoactive medication. RESULTS: Individuals with remitted and current MDD had a lower mean SDNN and RSA compared with controls (SDNN, 3.1-5.7 milliseconds shorter, P < or = .02; RSA, 5.1-7.1 milliseconds shorter, P < .001; effect size, 0.125-0.269). Comorbid anxiety and lifestyle did not reduce these associations. However, accounting for psychoactive medication removed the association with SDNN and strongly attenuated the association with RSA. Depressed individuals who were using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, or other antidepressants had significantly shorter SDNNs and RSAs (effect size, 0.207-0.862) compared with controls and depressed individuals not taking medication. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that depression is associated with significantly lowered heart rate variability. However, this association appears to be mainly driven by the effect of antidepressants}, keywords = {Adult, antidepressant, ANTIDEPRESSANTS, Anxiety, Arrhythmias,Cardiac, COHORT, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, cross-sectional, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder,Major, diagnosis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Disease, DISORDER, Electrocardiography, epidemiology, Female, Health Status, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, Male, Movement, Netherlands, physiology, physiopathology, psychiatry, psychology, Questionnaires, RATE-VARIABILITY, Research, Respiration, Rest, Risk, Thorax, Universities, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, WHETHER}, url = {vuams-pubs/Licht_2008.pdf}, address = {Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands}, author = {Licht, C.M. and De Geus, E.J. and Zitman, F.G. and Hoogendijk, W.J. and Dyck R., van and Penninx, B.W.} } @Article { Scarpa2008, title = {Biosocial Bases of Reactive and Proactive Aggression: the Roles of Community Violence Exposure and Heart Rate}, journal = {Journal of Community Psychology}, year = {2008}, volume = {36}, number = {8}, pages = {969--988}, abstract = {In order to more fully understand how individual differences influence adaptation to violence, this study examined the moderating influence of resting heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV) between community violence (CV) exposure and child reactive/proactive aggression. Forty 7-13-year-old community children self-reported CV exposure (i.e., victimization, witnessing, or hearing about violence) and were assessed for resting HR and HRV, Parents rated them on reactive/proactive aggression. CV victimization was positively related to proactive aggression only in conditions of low HR, and witnessed CV was positively related to reactive aggression only in conditions of high HRV. Main effects were not found for CV exposure or psychophysiological functioning, suggesting the importance of their interaction. Findings are discussed in terms of HR under-arousal, emotion dysregulation, fearlessness, and behavioral disinhibition as components that can increase aggression in response to violent contexts. Findings support a biosocial basis for childhood aggression and have implications for prevention and treatment. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc}, keywords = {AGE 11 YEARS, Aggression, ANTISOCIAL-BEHAVIOR, AUTONOMIC AROUSAL, Child, CHILDHOOD, CHILDREN, CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, HIGH-RISK, Parents, PROTECTIVE FACTORS, RATE-VARIABILITY, STIMULATION-SEEKING, Time, VAGAL TONE, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, YOUNG-ADULT SAMPLE}, url = {vuams-pubs/Scarpa_2008.pdf}, address = {Virginia Polytech Inst \& State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA Long Isl Univ, Brookville, NY USA}, ISSN = {0090-4392}, author = {Scarpa, A. and Tanaka, A. and Haden, S.C.} } @Article { Knepp2008, title = {Cardiovascular activity during laboratory tasks in women with high and low worry}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2008}, volume = {79}, number = {3}, pages = {287--293}, abstract = {Worry has been related to delayed stress recovery and cardiovascular disease risk. Cardiovascular responses to a range of laboratory tasks were examined in this study of high and low worriers. Undergraduate women were recruited with the Penn State Worry Questionnaire to form low (n=19) and high (n=22) worry groups. These individuals engaged in six laboratory tasks (orthostatic stress, supine rest, hand cold pressor, mental arithmetic, and worry and relaxation imagery) while heart rate (HR), HR spectral analysis, impedance cardiography, and blood pressure were acquired. The only significant group difference found was a consistently greater HR across tasks in high worriers (p<.05). No group by condition interactions emerged. High trait worry in healthy young women appears to be marked by elevated HR in the absence of autonomic abnormalities. These findings are discussed relative to the literature on worry, with particular reference to its health implications}, keywords = {analysis, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD-PRESSURE, Cardiovascular System, Disease, Female, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, Humans, IMPEDANCE CARDIOGRAPHY, Laboratories, physiology, physiopathology, Pressure, Problem Solving, psychology, Questionnaires, Rest, Risk, Stress, Stress,Psychological, Type A Personality, Universities, Young Adult}, url = {vuams-pubs/knepp_friedman_2008.pdf}, address = {Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States}, author = {Knepp, M.M. and Friedman, B.H.} } @Article { Brydon2008, title = {Circulating leptin and stress-induced cardiovascular activity in humans}, journal = {Obesity (Silver.Spring)}, year = {2008}, volume = {16}, number = {12}, pages = {2642--2647}, abstract = {Obesity is associated with an elevated risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The adipocyte hormone leptin, which stimulates energy expenditure in animals by activating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), is believed to play a role in this association. However, evidence in humans remains sparse. We investigated the relationship between circulating leptin and cardiovascular and inflammatory responses to acute psychological stress in humans. Participants were 32 men and 62 women aged 18-25 years. Cardiovascular activity was assessed using impedance cardiography at baseline, during acute laboratory stress, and during a 45-min recovery period. Plasma cytokines were measured in blood drawn at baseline and 45-min poststress. In women only, baseline plasma leptin was significantly associated with stress-induced changes in heart rate (beta = 0.53, P = 0.006), heart rate variability (HRV) (beta = -0.44, P = 0.015), and cardiac preejection period (PEP) (beta = -0.51, P = 0.004), independent of age, adiposity, and smoking. Women's plasma leptin levels also correlated with stress-induced elevations in the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) (beta = 0.35, P = 0.042). Circulating leptin is an independent predictor of sympathetic cardiovascular activity, parasympathetic withdrawal, and inflammatory responses to stress in women. Because cardiovascular and inflammatory stress responses are predictive of future cardiovascular disease, leptin may be a mechanism mediating the adverse effects of stress and obesity on women's cardiovascular health}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, blood, Blood Pressure, complications, Heart Rate, Humans, Interleukin-6, Leptin, Obesity, physiology, physiopathology, Sex Factors, Stress,Psychological, Young Adult}, url = {vuams-pubs/Brydon_2008.pdf}, address = {Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK. l.brydon@ucl.ac.uk}, author = {Brydon, L. and O'Donnell, K. and Wright, C.E. and Wawrzyniak, A.J. and Wardle, J. and Steptoe, A.} } @Article { Goedhart2008, title = {Comparing low frequency heart rate variability and preejection period: two sides of a different coin}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2008}, volume = {45}, number = {6}, pages = {1086--1090}, abstract = {It has been hypothesized that the ratio of heart rate variability in the low- (LF) and high- (HF) frequency bands may capture variation in cardiac sympathetic control. Here we tested the temporal stability of the LF/HF ratio in 24-h ambulatory recordings and compared this ratio to the preejection period (PEP), an established measure of cardiac sympathetic control. Good temporal stability was found across a period of 3.3 years (.468 mg/l), rheumatoid arthritis patients with low systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein 2/3 of their migraine attacks were triggered by psychosocial stress, revealed an increase for perceived stress (p=0.04) but no changes in objective stress response measures. At baseline, this group also showed higher scores on the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (p=0.003) and the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (p=0.001) compared to non-stress-sensitive patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although stress-sensitive patients, in contrast to non-stress-sensitive patients, may perceive more stress in the days before an impending migraine attack, we failed to detect any objective evidence for a biological stress response before or during migraine attacks}, keywords = {Adult, analysis, Circadian Rhythm, complications, etiology, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Longitudinal Studies, Male, metabolism, methods, Middle Aged, Migraine Disorders, Netherlands, physiology, Prospective Studies, Saliva, Self Assessment (Psychology), Stress,Psychological, Time}, url = {vuams-pubs/Schoonman_2007.pdf}, address = {Department of Neurology (K5-Q), Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. g.g.schoonman@lumc.nl}, author = {Schoonman, G.G. and Evers, D.J. and Ballieux, B.E. and De Geus, E.J. and de Kloet, E.R. and Terwindt, G.M. and van Dijk, J.G. and Ferrari, M.D.} } @Article { Houtveen2007, title = {Medically unexplained symptoms and between-group differences in 24-h ambulatory recording of stress physiology}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2007}, volume = {76}, number = {3}, pages = {239--249}, abstract = {People with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) often have a comorbid history of stress and negative affect. Although the verbal-cognitive and (peripheral) physiological stress systems have shown a great degree of independence, at the same time it is claimed that chronic stress and negative affect can result in a disregulated physiological stress system, which may lead to MUS. Previous studies could not demonstrate a straightforward between subject relationship between MUS and stress physiology, supporting the view of independence. The aim of the current study was to further explore this relationship using an improved methodology based on ecologically valid 24-h real-life ambulatory recordings. Seventy-four participants (19 male; 55 female) with heterogeneous MUS were compared with 71 healthy controls (26 male; 45 females). Momentary experienced somatic complaints and mood, heart rate, cardiac autonomic activity, respiration and saliva cortisol were monitored using electronic diary and ambulatory registration devices. Participants with MUS reported much more momentary complaints and negative affect as compared to controls. Although MUS seemed to be associated with elevated heart rate and reduced low and very-low frequency heart period variability, these effects disappeared after controlling for differences in sports behaviour. No group differences were found for cardiac autonomic activity, respiration, end-tidal CO(2) and saliva cortisol. Our 24-h real-life ambulatory study did not support the existence of a connection between MUS and disregulated peripheral stress physiology. Future studies may instead focus on central measures to reveal potential abnormalities such as deviant central processing of visceral signals in MUS patients}, keywords = {Adult, Affect, Electrocardiography,Ambulatory, Electroencephalography, Electronics,Medical, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, methods, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Netherlands, physiology, physiopathology, psychology, Questionnaires, Respiration, Saliva, Somatoform Disorders, Stress,Physiological, Time, Time Factors}, url = {vuams-pubs/houtveen_2007.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.h.houtveen@uu/nl}, author = {Houtveen, J.H. and Van Doornen, L.J.} } @Article { Oosterman2007, title = {Physiological effects of separation and reunion in relation to attachment and temperament in young children}, journal = {Dev.Psychobiol.}, year = {2007}, volume = {49}, number = {2}, pages = {119--128}, abstract = {This study examined physiological effects of separation and reunion in a sample 3- to 6-year-old children. Using continuous ambulatory recording, changes in heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and pre-ejection period (PEP) were compared across the episodes of a separation-reunion procedure based on the strange situation. RSA decreased significantly over the course of the procedure as well as on separation from the parent and not the stranger, supporting that separation from the attachment figure elicited vagal withdrawal in young children. The absence of significant PEP effects suggest that the separation-reunion procedure, and more specifically separation from the parent, was not threatening enough to activate the sympathetic nervous system, even if children were insecure attached and inhibited with regard to strangers. Some of the variability in HR increases to reunion was explained by younger age. The findings highlight the role of the ANS as a regulatory process in the parent-child relationship}, keywords = {Anxiety,Separation, Arousal, Child, Child,Preschool, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Infant, Inhibition (Psychology), Male, Mother-Child Relations, Netherlands, Object Attachment, physiology, psychology, Questionnaires, Sympathetic Nervous System, Temperament}, url = {vuams-pubs/Oosterman_2007.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Van der Boechorststraat 1 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.oosterman@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Oosterman, M. and Schuengel, C.} } @Article { EbnerPriemerK2007, title = {Psychological and psychophysiological ambulatory monitoring: A review of hardware and software solutions.}, journal = {European Journal of Psychological Assessment}, year = {2007}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {214-226}, url = {vuams-pubs/Ebner-Priemer.pdf}, web_url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/jpa/23/4/214/}, DOI = {10.1027/1015-5759.23.4.214}, author = {Ebner-Priemer, Ulrich W. and Kubiak, Thomas} } @Article { Roelofs2007, title = {The effects of social stress and cortisol responses on the preconscious selective attention to social threat}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2007}, volume = {75}, number = {1}, pages = {1--7}, abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of social stress and stress-induced cortisol on the preconscious selective attention to social threat. Twenty healthy participants were administered a masked emotional Stroop task (comparing color-naming latencies for angry, neutral and happy faces) in conditions of rest and social stress. Stress was induced by means of the Trier social stress test. Based on the stress-induced increase in cortisol levels, participants were allocated post hoc (median-split) to a high and low responders group. In contrast to low responders, high responders showed a negative or avoidant attentional bias to threat (i.e. shorter latencies for angry than neutral faces) in the rest condition. Most importantly, although low responders became avoidant, the high responders became vigilant to the angry faces after stress induction. There were no such effects for happy faces. Our findings are in line with previous studies in both animals and humans, that associate high glucocorticoid stress-responsiveness with diminished avoidance and prolonged freezing reactions during stress}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Arousal, Attention, Avoidance Learning, Awareness, blood, Color Perception, complications, Conflict (Psychology), Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Netherlands, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition,Visual, Perceptual Masking, physiology, psychology, Reaction Time, Reading, Rest, Semantics, Social Environment, Stress,Psychological}, url = {vuams-pubs/Roelofs_2007.pdf}, address = {Section Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Leiden, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. Roelofs@fsw.leidenuniv.nl}, author = {Roelofs, K. and Bakvis, P. and Hermans, E.J. and Pelt J., van and Honk J., van} } @Article { Parry2006, title = {Ambulatory impedance cardiography: a systematic review}, journal = {Nurs.Res.}, year = {2006}, volume = {55}, number = {4}, pages = {283--291}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Standard noninvasive impedance cardiography has been used to examine the cardiovascular responses of individuals to a wide range of stimuli in critical care and laboratory settings. It has been shown to be a reliable alternative to invasive thermodilution techniques and an acceptable alternative to the use of a pulmonary artery catheter. Ambulatory impedance cardiography provides a similar assessment of cardiac function to standard noninvasive impedance cardiography, but it does so while individuals engage in activities of daily living. It offers portability and the option of managing complex patients in outpatient settings. OBJECTIVE: To critically examine through a literature analysis the validity, reliability, and sensitivity of ambulatory impedance cardiography for the assessment of cardiac performance during activities of daily living. METHODS: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), The Cochrane Database of Methodology Reviews (CDMR), The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), Health Technology Assessment (HTA), and The Cochrane Methodology Register (CMR; 1966-2005); MEDLINE (1950-2005); and CINAHL (1982-2005) were searched using the following terms: ambulatory cardiac performance, impedance cardiac performance, AIM cardiac performance monitor, thoracic electrical bio-impedance, impedance cardiography, ambulatory impedance monitor, bio-impedance technology, ambulatory impedance cardiography, bio-electric impedance; also included were reference lists of retrieved articles. Studies were selected if they used an ambulatory impedance monitor to examine one or more of the following cardiovascular responses: pre-ejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), stroke volume (SV), or a combination of these. RESULTS: Studies have been predominantly descriptive and have been focused on a young, male population with a normal body mass index (BMI; 25-29 kg/m). Inconsistencies in determining specific markers of cardiac function (e.g., PEP and SV) across studies necessitated that results be reported by outcome for each study separately. DISCUSSION: Ambulatory impedance monitors are valid and reliable instruments used for the physiologic measurement of cardiac performance. Sensitivity is established utilizing within-individual measurements of relative change. This is especially important in light of an aging population and technical advances in healthcare. Further research is warranted using nursing interventions that focus on an older, female population who have a BMI greater than 30 kg/m. Availability of noninvasive ambulatory measures of cardiac function has the potential to improve care for a variety of patient populations, including those with hypertension, heart failure, pain, anxiety, and depressive symptoms}, keywords = {analysis, Body Mass Index, Cardiography,Impedance, Female, Heart, Humans, instrumentation, Male, methods, Monitoring,Ambulatory, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity}, url = {vuams-pubs/Parry_2006.pdf}, address = {Cardiac Surgery, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. parrym@kgh.kari.net}, author = {Parry, M.J. and Fetridge-Durdle, J.} } @Article { Kupper2006, title = {Heritability of indices for cardiac contractility in ambulatory recordings}, journal = {J.Cardiovasc.Electrophysiol.}, year = {2006}, volume = {17}, number = {8}, pages = {877--883}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a pivotal role in the development of cardiovascular disease. This involvement suggests that the genetic susceptibility to adverse cardiovascular events may derive in part from individual differences in SNS activity. METHODS AND RESULTS: To establish a genetic contribution to SNS activity, we measured sympathetic effects on cardiac contractility in 755 healthy adult twins and their singleton siblings. The preejection period (PEP) and the ratio of PEP to the left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET ratio) were derived from ambulatory recordings of the ECG and thorax impedance. During this type of prolonged recordings in a real life setting, the extent of cardiac sympathetic activity will vary with the demands of daily activities. Therefore, the genetic architecture of both indices was examined separately across three daytime periods (morning, afternoon, evening), and during nighttime sleep. Results showed significant genetic contribution to PEP (48-62\%) over all daily periods. Heritability estimates for PEP/LVET ratio ranged between 35\% and 58\%. Cardiac sympathetic activity during the waking and sleep periods was largely influenced by genetic factors that were common to the entire 24-hour period. During sleep, additional genetic influences emerged that accounted for 8\% of the variance in PEP. CONCLUSION: Impedance-derived measures of sympathetic effects on cardiac contractility show substantial heritability across all periods of the day and during sleep}, keywords = {Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Disease, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, genetics, HEALTHY, Humans, Male, methods, Myocardial Contraction, Netherlands, physiology, psychology, RATIO, Research, Siblings, Sleep, Sympathetic Nervous System, Thorax, Time, Twins, Ventricular Function,Left}, url = {vuams-pubs/Kupper_2006.pdf}, address = {Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, author = {Kupper, N. and Willemsen, G. and Boomsma, D.I. and De Geus, E.J.} } @Article { Popma2006, title = {Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis and autonomic activity during stress in delinquent male adolescents and controls}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2006}, volume = {31}, number = {8}, pages = {948--957}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Patterns of low autonomic arousal have consistently been related to delinquency and disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) in children and adolescents. Findings on another stress regulating mechanism, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, have been inconsistent, which may partly be due to not considering specific stress reactivity measures. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between disruptive behavior in male adolescents and their HPA and autonomic reactivity to a standard public speaking task (PST). METHOD: Responsivity to the PST of cortisol, heart rate (HR), skin conductance level (SCL) and self-reported negative feelings was measured, and compared between 12and14-year-old boys who attended a delinquency diversion program (DP), with and without DBD (DP+, n=22 and DP-, n=49, resectively), and matched normal controls (NC, n=30). DBD diagnoses were based on a structured psychiatric interview. RESULTS: The DP+ group, but not the DP- group, showed a significantly decreased cortisol and HR response during the PST as compared with the NC group. No significant effects were found for SCL. All subjects connoted the task negatively. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that low cortisol and HR responsivity to stress may be a neurobiological marker for delinquent boys with DBD, but not for those without DBD. Directions for future research and clinical implications are discussed}, keywords = {Adolescent, Affect, Arousal, Autonomic Nervous System, Child, drug effects, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Juvenile Delinquency, Male, metabolism, Netherlands, Neuropsychological Tests, physiology, physiopathology, Pituitary-Adrenal System, psychology, Saliva, Stress,Psychological}, url = {vuams-pubs/Popma_2006.pdf}, address = {Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, p/a De Bascule, Rijksstraatweg 145, PB 303, Amsterdam, 1115 ZG Duivendrecht, The Netherlands. a.popma@debascule.com}, author = {Popma, A. and Jansen, L.M. and Vermeiren, R. and Steiner, H. and Raine, A. and Van Goozen, S.H. and H., Van Engeland and Doreleijers, T.A.} } @Article { Goudriaan2006, title = {Psychophysiological determinants and concomitants of deficient decision making in pathological gamblers}, journal = {Drug Alcohol Depend.}, year = {2006}, volume = {84}, number = {3}, pages = {231--239}, abstract = {Psychophysiological responses are considered to be a mediating factor in the development of pathological gambling (PG) and PG has been associated with differential arousal levels during gambling. Yet little is known about the specific psychophysiological responses to wins and losses in PG. This study investigated heart rate (HR) and skin conductance responses (SCRs) during the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in an adult PG group (n=46) and a normal control (NC) group (n=47). Anticipatory psychophysiological reactions to disadvantageous and advantageous choices during the IGT and psychophysiological responses to wins and losses were measured. The PG group performed worse than the NC group on the IGT and exhibited lower anticipatory SCRs and HR decreases when pondering choices of disadvantageous card decks during the IGT. The PG group showed a decrease in HR after losses and wins, whereas the NC group showed a decrease in HR after losses, but an increase in HR after wins. Reward and punishment sensitivity as measured by the self-report BIS/BAS scale influenced IGT performance and psychophysiological responses, but in general these effects were similar for the PG group and the NC group. Lower anticipatory psychophysiological responses to disadvantageous choices in PG suggest impaired risk assessment in this group. Absence of a HR increase after wins possibly implies that reward sensitivity is decreased in PG. Because levels of reward and punishment sensitivity were associated with differential anticipatory HR responses to advantageous and disadvantageous decks, it would be advisable to include this taxonomy in studies on psychophysiological responses to rewards and losses}, keywords = {Adult, Arousal, Cognition Disorders, Decision Making, epidemiology, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Gambling, Gyrus Cinguli, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Impulse Control Disorders, Male, metabolism, Netherlands, physiology, Prefrontal Cortex, psychology, Psychophysiology, Punishment, Reward, Thalamus, Wechsler Scales}, url = {vuams-pubs/Goudriaan_2006.pdf}, address = {Academic Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. goudriaana@missouri.edu}, author = {Goudriaan, A.E. and Oosterlaan, J. and E., De Beurs and Van den Brink, W.} } @Article { Goedhart2006, title = {Temporal stability of ambulatory stroke volume and cardiac output measured by impedance cardiography}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2006}, volume = {72}, number = {1}, pages = {110--117}, abstract = {Recently, devices have become available that allow non-invasive measurement of stroke volume and cardiac output through ambulatory thorax impedance recording. If such recordings have adequate temporal stability, they offer great potential to further our understanding of how repeated or chronic cardiovascular activation in response to naturalistic events may contribute to cardiovascular disease. In this study, 24 h ambulatory impedance-derived systolic time intervals, stroke volume and cardiac output were measured in 65 healthy subjects across an average time span of 3 years and 4 months. Stability was computed separately for sleep and daytime recordings. To avoid confounding by differences in posture and physical activity across measurement days, temporal stability was computed using sitting activities only. During the day intraclass correlations were moderate for stroke volume (.29-.46) and cardiac output (.33-.46) and good for systolic time intervals (.55-.81). When test-retest comparison was limited to two comparable days (two work days or two leisure days), correlations for both SV (.42-.46) and CO (.43-.50) improved. CONCLUSION: Moderate long-term temporal stability is found for individual differences in ambulatory stroke volume and cardiac output measured by impedance cardiography}, keywords = {Adult, Cardiography,Impedance, Disease, Electrocardiography,Ambulatory, Female, HEALTHY, Heart Rate, Hemodynamics, Humans, Male, methods, Netherlands, physiology, Posture, psychology, Sleep, Stroke Volume, Sympathetic Nervous System, Thorax, Time, Time Factors, Work}, url = {vuams-pubs/Goedhart_2006.pdf}, address = {Vrije Universiteit, Department of Biological Psychology, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ad.goedhart@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Goedhart, A.D. and Kupper, N. and Willemsen, G. and Boomsma, D.I. and De Geus, E.J.} } @Article { Kohler2006, title = {The effects of chewing versus caffeine on alertness, cognitive performance and cardiac autonomic activity during sleep deprivation}, journal = {J.Sleep Res.}, year = {2006}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, pages = {358--368}, abstract = {Chewing has been shown to alleviate feelings of sleepiness and improve cognitive performance during the day. This study investigated the effect of chewing on alertness and cognitive performance across one night without sleep as well as the possible mediating role of cardiac autonomic activity. Fourteen adults participated in a randomized, counterbalanced protocol employing a chewing, placebo and caffeine condition. Participants completed tasks assessing psychomotor vigilance, tracking, grammatical reasoning, alertness and sleepiness each hour across the night. All participants received either placebo or caffeine (200 mg), while the chewing condition also chewed on a tasteless and odorless substance for 15 min each hour. Heart rate (HR), root mean square of the successive differences in R-R intervals on the ECG (RMSSD), and preejection period (PEP) were simultaneously recorded. Alertness and cognitive performance amongst the chewing condition did not differ or were in fact worse when compared with placebo. Similarly, measures of HR and RMSSD remained the same between these two conditions; however, PEP was reduced in the later part of the night in the chewing condition compared with a relative increase for placebo. Caffeine led to improved speed and accuracy on cognitive tasks and increased alertness when compared with chewing. Relative increases in RMSSD and reductions in HR were demonstrated following caffeine; however, no change in PEP was seen. Strong associations between cardiac parasympathetic activity and complex cognitive tasks, as well as between subjective alertness and simpler cognitive tasks, suggest a differential process mediating complex versus simple cognitive performance during sleep deprivation}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Attention, Autonomic Nervous System, Caffeine, Chewing Gum, drug effects, Electrocardiography, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Mastication, Myocardial Contraction, Neuropsychological Tests, pharmacology, physiology, physiopathology, Problem Solving, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Signal Processing,Computer-Assisted, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation}, url = {vuams-pubs/Kohler_2006.pdf}, address = {Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. mark.kohler@unisa.edu.au}, author = {Kohler, M. and Pavy, A. and den Heuvel C., van} } @Article { Houtveen2006, title = {Validation of the thoracic impedance derived respiratory signal using multilevel analysis}, journal = {Int.J.Psychophysiol.}, year = {2006}, volume = {59}, number = {2}, pages = {97--106}, abstract = {The purpose of the current study was to validate the change in thoracic impedance (dZ) derived respiratory signal obtained from four spot electrodes against incidental spirometry. Additionally, a similar validation was performed for a dual respiratory belts signal to compare the relative merit of both methods. Participants were 38 healthy adult subjects (half male, half female). Cross-method comparisons were performed at three (paced) respiration frequencies in sitting, supine and standing postures. Multilevel regression was used to examine the within- and between-subjects structure of the relationship between spirometric volume and the respiratory amplitude signals obtained from either dZ or respiratory belts. Both dZ derived respiratory rate and dual belts derived respiratory rate accurately reflected the pacing frequencies. For both methods, fixed factors indicated acceptable but posture-specific regression on spirometric volume. However, random factors indicated large individual differences, which was supported by variability of gain analyses. It was concluded that both the dZ and dual belts methods can be used for measurement of respiratory rate and within-subjects, posture-specific, changes in respiratory volume. The need for frequent subject-specific and posture-specific calibration combined with relatively large measurement errors may strongly limit the usefulness of both methods to assess absolute tidal volume and minute ventilation in ambulatory designs}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, analysis, Analysis of Variance, Electric Impedance, Female, HEALTHY, Humans, instrumentation, Male, methods, Middle Aged, Models,Biological, Monitoring,Physiologic, Netherlands, physiology, Plethysmography,Impedance, Posture, psychology, Pulmonary Ventilation, Reference Values, regression, Reproducibility of Results, Research, Respiration, Respiratory Function Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Spirometry, Statistics as Topic, Thorax, Tidal Volume, Universities, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Houtveen_2006.pdf}, address = {Department of Health Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.h.houtveen@fss.uu.nl}, author = {Houtveen, J.H. and Groot, P.F. and De Geus, E.J.} } @Article { Kupper2005a, title = {A genetic analysis of ambulatory cardiorespiratory coupling}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2005}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {202--212}, abstract = {This study assessed the heritability of ambulatory heart period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and respiration rate and tested the hypothesis that the well-established correlation between these variables is determined by common genetic factors. In 780 healthy twins and siblings, 24-h ambulatory recordings of ECG and thorax impedance were made. Genetic analyses showed considerable heritability for heart period (37\%-48\%), RSA (40\%-55\%), and respiration rate (27\%-81\%) at all daily periods. Significant genetic correlations were found throughout. Common genes explained large portions of the covariance between heart period and RSA and between respiration rate and RSA. During the afternoon and night, the covariance between respiration rate and RSA was completely determined by common genes. This overlap in genes can be exploited to increase the power of linkage studies to detect genetic variation influencing cardiovascular disease risk}, keywords = {Adult, analysis, Disease, Environment, Female, Genetic Variation, genetics, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, Hemodynamics, Humans, Male, Models,Statistical, Netherlands, physiology, psychology, Research, Respiration, Respiratory Mechanics, Risk, Siblings, Thorax, Twins}, url = {vuams-pubs/Kupper_2005.pdf}, address = {Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. hm.kupper@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Kupper, N. and Willemsen, G. and Posthuma, D. and Boer D., de and Boomsma, D.I. and De Geus, E.J.} } @Article { DeGeus2005, title = {A whole-genome scan for 24-hour respiration rate: a major locus at 10q26 influences respiration during sleep}, journal = {Am.J.Hum.Genet.}, year = {2005}, volume = {76}, number = {1}, pages = {100--111}, abstract = {Identification of genes causing variation in daytime and nighttime respiration rates could advance our understanding of the basic molecular processes of human respiratory rhythmogenesis. This could also serve an important clinical purpose, because dysfunction of such processes has been identified as critically important in sleep disorders. We performed a sib-pair-based linkage analysis on ambulatory respiration rate, using the data from 270 sibling pairs who were genotyped at 374 markers on the autosomes, with an average distance of 9.65 cM. Uni- and multivariate variance-components-based multipoint linkage analyses were performed for respiration rate during three daytime periods (morning, afternoon, and evening) and during nighttime sleep. Evidence of linkage was found at chromosomal locations 3q27, 7p22, 10q26, and 22q12. The strongest evidence of linkage was found for respiration rate during sleep, with LOD scores of 2.36 at 3q27, 3.86 at 10q26, and 1.59 at 22q12. In a simultaneous analysis of these three loci, >50\% of the variance in sleep respiration rate could be attributed to a quantitative-trait loci near marker D10S1248 at 10q. Genes in this area (GFRA1, ADORA2L, FGR2, EMX2, and HMX2) can be considered promising positional candidates for genetic association studies of respiratory control during sleep}, keywords = {Adult, analysis, Chromosomes,Human,Pair 10, Chromosomes,Human,Pair 22, Chromosomes,Human,Pair 3, DISORDER, DISORDERS, Female, Genetic Markers, genetics, Genome,Human, Humans, Linkage (Genetics), Lod Score, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Netherlands, psychology, Quantitative Trait,Heritable, Research, Respiration, Sleep, Time Factors}, url = {vuams-pubs/DeGeus_2005.pdf}, address = {Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081-BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. eco@psy.vu.nl}, author = {De Geus, E.J. and Posthuma, D. and Kupper, N. and van den, Berg M. and Willemsen, G. and Beem, A.L. and Slagboom, P.E. and Boomsma, D.I.} } @Article { Bosch2005, title = {Differential mobilization of functionally distinct natural killer subsets during acute psychologic stress}, journal = {Psychosom.Med.}, year = {2005}, volume = {67}, number = {3}, pages = {366--375}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Two functionally distinct natural killer (NK) subsets can be identified according to surface CD56 expression: CD56lo cells compose the majority of NK cells and function as cytotoxic cells, whereas CD56hi cells have an immunomodulatory function through the secretion of cytokines. These NK subsets also differ in the expression levels of adhesion molecules such as CD62L and CD11a, indicating distinct potentials to migrate to lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. We investigated whether NK cell mobilization during acute stress varies according to these functional and phenotypic distinctions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-three undergraduate students performed a public-speaking task and 21 students participated in a control session. The task increased heart rate and catecholamines. No change was observed for the immunoregulatory CD56hi NK subset, whereas the number of cytotoxic CD56lo NK cells tripled. In line with the observation that NK mobilization is related to cytotoxic function, we found larger increases in NK cells that express higher levels of CD16 (a receptor that mediates antibody-dependent cytotoxicity). Consistent with known subset differences in adhesion molecule expression, we also found larger stress-induced increases for NK cells that were CD62L-negative and CD11ahi. Plasma levels of soluble CD62L remained unaltered, suggesting that the increase in CD62L-negative NK cells did not result from CD62L shedding. Regression analyses demonstrated independent contributions of epinephrine and norepinephrine to NK subset mobilization. CONCLUSION: The marked specificity and robustness of these effects support the idea that NK cell mobilization is a functionally relevant response that is aimed at protecting the organism during acutely stressful situations}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Antigens,CD11a, Antigens,CD56, blood, Chemotaxis,Leukocyte, Cytotoxicity,Immunologic, Epinephrine, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, immunology, Killer Cells,Natural, L-Selectin, Lymphocyte Subsets, Male, methods, Norepinephrine, physiology, psychology, Receptors,IgG, secretion, Speech, Stress,Psychological, Students}, url = {vuams-pubs/Bosch_2005.pdf}, address = {University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, Chicago, IL 60611, USA}, author = {Bosch, J.A. and Berntson, G.G. and Cacioppo, J.T. and Marucha, P.T.} } @Article { Houtveen2005, title = {Effects of variation in posture and respiration on RSA and pre-ejection period}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {2005}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {713--719}, abstract = {The extent to which variation in posture and respiration can confound pre-ejection period and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as indices of cardiac sympatho-vagal activity was examined. Within-subjects changes in these measures were assessed in 36 subjects during different postures and (paced) respiratory frequencies. Changes from supine to sitting to standing led to reduced RSA values and longer pre-ejection periods, reflecting the known decrease in vagal but not the increase of sympathetic activity. Multilevel path analysis showed that within-subjects changes in sympatho-vagal balance were faithfully reflected by changes in interbeat interval, but imperfectly by changes in RSA and pre-ejection period. It was concluded that pre-ejection period should be stratified for posture and RSA for respiratory frequency to reliably index changes in sympatho-vagal balance when these factors are prone to change (e.g., during 24-h ambulatory recording)}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, analysis, Arrhythmias,Cardiac, blood, Carbon Dioxide, Electrocardiography, Female, Heart, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, physiology, physiopathology, Posture, psychology, Research, Respiration, Respiratory Mechanics, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, Supine Position, Universities}, url = {vuams-pubs/Houtveen_2005.pdf}, address = {Department of Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.h.houtveen@fss.uu.nl}, author = {Houtveen, J.H. and Groot, P.F. and Geus, E.J.} } @Article { Kupper2005, title = {Familial influences on basal salivary cortisol in an adult population}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2005}, volume = {30}, number = {9}, pages = {857--868}, abstract = {To understand the underlying genetic and environmental sources of individual variation in basal cortisol levels, we collected salivary cortisol at awakening and at six fixed time points during the day in adult twins and their singleton siblings. Reported time of awakening was verified with heart rate and body movement recordings. Cortisol data were available for 199 MZ twins, 272 DZ twins and 229 singleton siblings from 309 twin families. No differences in cortisol means and variances were found between twins and singleton siblings. Additionally, the correlations for DZ twins and siblings were not significantly different, indicating generalizability of twin study results to the general population. Genetic model fitting showed heritability for cortisol levels during the awakening period (34\% for cortisol level at awakening and 32\% for cortisol level at 30 min after awakening) but not for cortisol levels later during the day. The current study shows that, while cortisol levels in the awakening period are influenced by genetic factors, cortisol levels throughout most of the day are not heritable, indicating that future gene finding studies for basal cortisol should focus on the first hour post-awakening}, keywords = {Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Female, genetics, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, Humans, Hydrocortisone, LEVEL, Male, metabolism, Models,Genetic, Movement, Netherlands, Pedigree, physiology, psychology, Reference Values, Research, Saliva, Siblings, Time, Twins, Twins,Dizygotic, Twins,Monozygotic}, url = {vuams-pubs/Kupper_2004.pdf}, address = {Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. hm.kupper@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Kupper, N. and De Geus, E.J. and den Berg M., van and Kirschbaum, C. and Boomsma, D.I. and Willemsen, G.} } @Article { Steptoe2005a, title = {Impaired cardiovascular recovery following stress predicts 3-year increases in blood pressure}, journal = {J.Hypertens.}, year = {2005}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {529--536}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess whether variation in the rate of cardiovascular recovery following exposure to acute psychological stress predicts changes in blood pressure longitudinally, independently of blood pressure at baseline and other covariates. DESIGN: A 3-year longitudinal study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 209 men and women aged 45-59 years at baseline, with no history of cardiovascular disease including hypertension. METHOD: Measurement of blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, cardiac index and total peripheral resistance at rest, during two moderately stressful behavioural tasks and up to 45 min post-stress. Stress reactivity was defined as the difference in values between tasks and baseline, and post-stress recovery as the difference between recovery levels and baseline. OUTCOME MEASURES: Resting blood pressure measured at baseline and 3 years later. Seven individuals had been prescribed hypertensive medication on follow-up. RESULTS: Increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) were predicted by impaired post-stress recovery of SBP (P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P < 0.001) and total peripheral resistance (P = 0.003), independently of baseline blood pressure, age, gender, socio-economic status, hypertensive medication, body mass and smoking. The adjusted odds of an increase in SBP > or = 5 mmHg were 3.50 [95\% confidence interval (CI) 1.19 to 10.8] for individuals with poor compared with effective post-stress recovery of SBP. Three-year increases in diastolic pressure were predicted by impaired recovery of SBP (P < 0.001) and DBP (P = 0.009) pressure and by heart rate variability during tasks (P = 0.002), independently of covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired post-stress recovery and less consistently heightened acute stress reactivity may index disturbances in the regulation of cardiovascular stress responses that contribute to longitudinal changes in blood pressure in middle-aged men and women}, keywords = {Acute Disease, Aged, blood, Blood Pressure, diagnosis, Disease, epidemiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Hypertension, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, physiopathology, Predictive Value of Tests, Pressure, psychology, Psychomotor Performance, Rest, Risk Factors, Smoking, Stress,Psychological, Vascular Resistance}, url = {vuams-pubs/Steptoe_Marmot_2005.pdf}, address = {International Centre for Health and Society, Psychology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK. a.steptoe@ucl.ac.uk}, author = {Steptoe, A. and Marmot, M.} } @Article { Varkevisser2005, title = {Physiologic indexes in chronic insomnia during a constant routine: evidence for general hyperarousal?}, journal = {Sleep}, year = {2005}, volume = {28}, number = {12}, pages = {1588--1596}, abstract = {STUDY OBJECTIVES: It has been hypothesized that general hyperarousal, present during both sleep and wakefulness, may underlie chronic insomnia. The present study explored, under strictly controlled conditions, whether chronic insomnia is associated with altered physiologic markers of arousal, both in absolute levels and in terms of circadian rhythmicity, relative to controls. DESIGN: A 24-hour constant-routine protocol was implemented to assess physiologic measures. SETTING: The study was conducted in an isolated, temperature- and light-controlled, sound-attenuated sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Eleven subjects with clinically diagnosed chronic insomnia were compared with 13 healthy matched controls. INTERVENTIONS: The subjects underwent physiologic parameter recordings and cognitive performance testing during 24 hours of total sleep deprivation under strictly controlled circumstances. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Cardiovascular parameters, free cortisol, and body temperature were subjected to mixed-model analysis of variance and mixed-model harmonic regression. Overall, no differences were found in either the absolute level or the circadian parameters (amplitude, phase) of these variables between the insomniacs and the control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Although physiologic indexes of arousal were slightly elevated in the insomnia group relative to the controls, the differences between the groups were not statistically significant. This could have been due to a lack of statistical power or could reflect the actual absence of arousal in our sample of chronic insomniacs. Systematic interindividual level differences overwhelmed any differences between the 2 groups, making it unlikely that general hyperarousal was a critical underlying factor in our sample. Earlier findings of hyperarousal in insomnia during studies that allowed sleep may have been specifically related to the sleep state}, keywords = {Adult, analysis, Arousal, Biological Markers, blood, Body Temperature, Chronic Disease, Circadian Rhythm, Cognition Disorders, diagnosis, epidemiology, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Periodicity, physiology, physiopathology, Polysomnography, psychology, Questionnaires, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Wakefulness}, url = {vuams-pubs/Varkevisser_2005.pdf}, address = {Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. M.Varkevisser@uva.nl}, author = {Varkevisser, M. and Van Dongen, H.P. and Kerkhof, G.A.} } @Article { VarkevisserVK2005, title = {Physiologic Indexes in Chronic Insomnia During a Constant Routine: Evidence for General Hyperarousal?}, journal = {SLEEP}, year = {2005}, volume = {28}, number = {12}, pages = {1588-1596}, url = {vuams-pubs/Varkevisser.pdf}, web_url = {http://dev.spokane.wsu.edu/ResearchOutreach/Sleep/documents/2005SLP-Varkevisser-etal.pdf}, author = {Varkevisser, Michael and Van Dongen, Hans P.A. and Kerkhof, Gerard A.} } @Article { Steptoe2005, title = {Socioeconomic position and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses following cognitive challenge in old age}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {2005}, volume = {69}, number = {2}, pages = {149--166}, abstract = {Social disparities in health persist into old age, and differences in psychophysiological responsivity may contribute to this pattern. We assessed whether higher socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with attenuated cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses elicited by cognitive tasks in old age. We tested 132 community-dwelling men and women aged 65-80 years, divided on the basis of educational attainment into higher and lower SES groups, and compared them with 26 higher educated participants aged 27-42 years. Blood pressure, hemodynamic variables and salivary cortisol were assessed in response to the performance of three cognitive tasks, and then during recovery. Older groups showed smaller heart rate and larger cortisol changes than younger participants. Post-task recovery in heart rate, stroke volume, pre-ejection period, and systolic blood pressure was greatest in the younger group, least in the older/lower education group, and intermediate in the older/higher education group. SES did not influence the increased cortisol responsivity of older participants. The results are consistent with the notion that higher SES protects against age-related changes in cardiovascular response profiles, particularly during recovery}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged,80 and over, Aging, analysis, blood, Blood Pressure, chemistry, Cognition, epidemiology, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, physiology, Pressure, psychology, Saliva, Social Class, Stroke Volume}, url = {vuams-pubs/Steptoe_2005.pdf}, address = {Psychobiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK. a.steptoe@ucl.ac.uk }, author = {Steptoe, A. and Kunz-Ebrecht, S.R. and Wright, C. and Feldman, P.J.} } @Article { Roelofs2005, title = {The effects of stress-induced cortisol responses on approach-avoidance behavior}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year = {2005}, volume = {30}, number = {7}, pages = {665--677}, abstract = {High glucocorticoid stress-responses are associated with prolonged freezing reactions and decreased active approach and avoidance behavior in animals. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of cortisol responses and trait avoidance on approach-avoidance behavior in humans. Twenty individuals were administered a computerized approach-avoidance (AA)-task before and after stress-induction (Trier Social Stress Test). The AA-task involved a reaction time (RT) task, in which participants made affect congruent and affect incongruent arm movements towards positive and threatening social stimuli. Affect congruent responses involved arm extension (avoidance) in response to angry faces and arm flexion (approach) in response to happy faces. Reversed responses were made in affect incongruent instruction conditions. As expected, participants with high cortisol responses showed significantly decreased RT congruency-effects in a context of social stress. Low trait avoidance was also associated with diminished congruency-effects during stress. However, the latter effect disappeared after controlling for the effects of cortisol. In sum, in agreement with animal research, these data suggest that high cortisol responses are associated with a decrease in active approach-avoidance behavior during stress. These findings may have important implications for the study of freezing and avoidance reactions in patients with anxiety disorders, such as social phobia and post-traumatic stress disorder}, keywords = {Adult, Affect, Anger, Animals, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Blood Pressure, Facial Expression, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, metabolism, Motor Activity, Movement, Netherlands, Norepinephrine, physiology, psychology, Reaction Time, Saliva, Social Environment, Stress,Psychological}, url = {vuams-pubs/Roelofs_2005.pdf}, address = {Section of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. roelofs@fsw.leidenuniv.nl}, author = {Roelofs, K. and Elzinga, B.M. and Rotteveel, M.} } @Article { NeumannWSTS2004, title = {Hostility and Distraction Have Differential Influences on Cardiovascular Recovery From Anger Recall in Women.}, journal = {Health Psychology}, year = {2004}, month = {11}, volume = {23}, number = {6}, pages = {631-640}, abstract = {This study investigated the relation of dispositional hostility to cardiovascular reactivity during an anger-recall task and of hostility and distraction to posttask recovery in 80 healthy women (ages 18-30). Half were randomly assigned to distraction during recovery. Hostility predicted slower systolic blood pressure and preejection period during recovery. Distraction was related to faster cardiac recovery, higher high-frequency (HF) power, lower low-frequency (LF) power and LF:HF ratios, and lower state anger and rumination during recovery. These results indicate deleterious influences of hostility on cardiovascular recovery but not during anger recall. The findings also show beneficial effects of distraction in expediting cardiovascular recovery, possibly through reducing rumination and anger. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)}, url = {vuams-pubs/Neumann.pdf}, web_url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/hea/23/6/631/}, DOI = {10.1037/0278-6133.23.6.631}, author = {Neumann, Senna A. and Waldstein, Shari R. and Sellers III, John J. and Thayer, Julian F. and Sorkin, John D.} } @Article { Rietveld2004, title = {Acquired sensitivity to relevant physiological activity in patients with chronic health problems}, journal = {Behav.Res.Ther.}, year = {2004}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {137--153}, abstract = {The hypothesis that biased symptom perception toward excessive symptoms is common when relatively normal chronic patients enter symptom-relating situations, irrespective of emotional variables, was tested in 19 women with severe asthma, 18 with somatization-like characteristics, and 18 controls. Each underwent three experimental conditions: mental stress, resting, and physical exercise. Each condition included three breathing conditions: breathing normally, normal compressed air, and 5.5\% CO2-enriched compressed air. Results yielded no group differences in physiological measures, e.g. elevated CO2 in exhaled air (end-tidal partial pressure of CO2, PetCO2), or lung function. Asthma patients experienced more breathlessness, and somatization-like participants more breathlessness, miscellaneous symptoms, and subjective stress than controls. Although these differences suggested acquired biased symptom perception, as it turned out, breathlessness in asthmatics was more influenced by PetCO2 and less by subjective stress compared to controls. Likewise, breathlessness in somatization-like participants was similarly influenced by PetCO2 and subjective stress compared to controls, and miscellaneous symptoms were even more influenced by PetCO2 and less by subjective stress compared to controls. It was concluded that acquired sensitivity to physiological activity associated with habitual symptoms may account for excessive symptoms in patients with chronic health problems}, keywords = {analysis, Asthma, Carbon Dioxide, Chronic Disease, Exercise, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, methods, Partial Pressure, physiology, physiopathology, Pressure, psychology, Regression Analysis, Respiration, Respiratory Function Tests, Rest, Self Concept, Somatoform Disorders, Stress,Psychological}, url = {vuams-pubs/Rietveld_2004.pdf}, address = {Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. rietveld@psy.uva.nl}, author = {Rietveld, S. and Houtveen, J.H.} } @Article { Neumann2004, title = {Alexithymia predicts attenuated autonomic reactivity, but prolonged recovery to anger recall in young women}, journal = {Int.J.Psychophysiol.}, year = {2004}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {183--195}, abstract = {Alexithymia has been prospectively associated with all-cause mortality and with cardiovascular morbidity. Here, stress-induced autonomic reactivity and recovery were examined as potential pathways linking alexithymia to cardiovascular disease. The relation of alexithymia to blood pressure, heart rate, and other cardiovascular parameters derived from impedance cardiography (N = 80) and heart rate variability (N = 40) was evaluated during rest, an anger recall task and recovery in women (ages 18-30). During anger recall, alexithymia was associated with significantly attenuated heart rate and stroke index reactivity, greater low frequency power, and with marginally dampened blood pressure and high frequency power reactivity. Overall, this response pattern suggests blunted sympathetic activation and diminished vagal withdrawal. Alexithymia was also related to slower diastolic blood pressure and quicker preejection period recovery implying abbreviated sympathetic arousal and possibly greater vagal modulation. These results impart some evidence for the hypoarousal model of alexithymia during reactivity, but the hyperarousal model during recovery. Autonomic dysregulation during and following acute emotional stress is suggested as a possible physiological pathway connecting alexithymia to cardiovascular disease}, keywords = {Adult, Affective Symptoms, Anger, Arousal, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, Data Interpretation,Statistical, Disease, Electrocardiography, Heart, Heart Rate, Hemodynamics, Humans, Male, Mental Recall, Personality Tests, physiology, physiopathology, Pressure, Rest}, url = {vuams-pubs/Neuman_2004.pdf}, address = {Cardiovascular Behavioral Medicine Research Training Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 4015 O'Hara Street, 506 OEH, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. neumannsa@msx.upmc.edu}, author = {Neumann, S.A. and Sollers, J.J., III and Thayer, J.F. and Waldstein, S.R.} } @Article { Christie2004, title = {Autonomic specificity of discrete emotion and dimensions of affective space: a multivariate approach}, journal = {Int.J.Psychophysiol.}, year = {2004}, volume = {51}, number = {2}, pages = {143--153}, abstract = {The present study addressed autonomic nervous system (ANS) patterning during experimentally manipulated emotion. Film clips previously shown to induce amusement, anger, contentment, disgust, fear and sadness, in addition to a neutral control film, were presented to 34 college-aged subjects while skin conductance, blood pressure and the electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded, as was self-reported affect. Both mean of and mean successive difference of heart period were derived from the ECG. Pattern classification analyses revealed emotion-specific autonomic patterning for all emotion conditions except disgust; all emotion conditions exhibited significant patterning using self-report. Discriminant function analysis was used to describe the location of discrete emotions within dimensional affective space using both self-report and ANS variables. Findings suggest that the dimensions of valence and activation portray the structure of self-reported emotion, but that valence is more accurately described as approach-withdrawal when applied to autonomic responses during discrete emotions. The findings provide further support for the existence of emotion-specific ANS activity, and are consistent with a hybrid discrete-dimensional model of affective space}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Affect, analysis, Anger, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, classification, Electric Conductivity, Electrocardiography, Emotions, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, instrumentation, Male, methods, Motion Pictures as Topic, Multivariate Analysis, Photic Stimulation, physiology, Pressure, psychology, Questionnaires, Skin Physiological Phenomena}, url = {vuams-pubs/Christie___Friedman_2004.pdf}, address = {Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0436, USA. bhfried@vt.edu}, author = {Christie, I.C. and Friedman, B.H.} } @Article { Eekelen2004, title = {Circadian variation in base rate measures of cardiac autonomic activity}, journal = {European Journal of Applied Physiology}, year = {2004}, volume = {93}, number = {1-2}, pages = {39--46}, abstract = {To investigate the role of the circadian pacemaker in autonomic modulation of base rate cardiac activity, 29 healthy subjects participated in a constant routine protocol. They were randomly divided into two groups in order to manipulate prior wakefulness. Group 1 started at 0900 hours immediately after a monitored sleep period, while group 2 started 12 h later. Measures of interbeat intervals (IBIs), respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA, an estimate of parasympathetic activity), pre-ejection period (PEP, an estimate of sympathetic activity), and core body temperature (CBT) were recorded continuously. Multilevel regression analyses (across-subjects) revealed significant 24- and/or 12-h sinusoidal circadian variation for CBT, IBI, and RSA, but not for PEP. Subject-specific 24+12 h sinusoidal fits demonstrated a convergence of phase distribution for IBI and RSA of group 1 similar to CBT, while PEP showed a relatively large (i.e. random) distribution of phase. In group 2, all cardiac measures showed large distributions of phase. Unexpected results in the cardiac measures were found in group 2, probably caused by group differences in prior activation. Also, effects of sleep deprivation were observed for IBI and RSA in group 2. Consequently, all cardiac measures revealed significant sinusoidal x group interactions, a result not shown in CBT. These findings were interpreted as an indication for circadian endogenous parasympathetic modulation of cardiac activity that is mainly confounded by prior wakefulness that extends 24 h, while the sympathetic modulation is relatively uncoupled from the endogenous circadian drive and mainly influenced by prior activation}, keywords = {BLOOD-PRESSURE, Body Temperature, circadian variation, constant routine, CONSTANT-ROUTINE, core body temperature, CORE-TEMPERATURE, DISORDER, DISORDERS, Drive, endogenous, HEALTHY, HEART-RATE, MEN, MYOCARDIAL-ISCHEMIA, NERVOUS-SYSTEM, Netherlands, ORIGINS, parasympathetic activity, regression, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, sympathetic activity, Time, Wakefulness}, url = {vuams-pubs/van_Eekelen_2004_EJAP.pdf}, address = {Univ Amsterdam, Dept Psychol, NL-1018 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands Univ Utrecht, Dept Hlth Psychol, NL-3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands MCH Westeinde, Ctr Sleep \& Wake Disorders, NL-2501 CK The Hague, Netherlands}, ISSN = {1439-6319}, author = {van Eekelen, A.P.J. and Houtveen, J.H. and Kerkhof, G.A.} } @Article { Eekelen2004a, title = {Circadian variation in cardiac autonomic activity: Reactivity measurements to different types of stressors}, journal = {Chronobiology International}, year = {2004}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {107--129}, abstract = {The role of endogenous circadian rhythmicity in autonomic cardiac reactivity to different stressors was investigated. A constant routine protocol was used with repeated exposure to a dual task and a cold pressor test. The 29 subjects were randomly divided into two groups in order to manipulate prior wakefulness. Group 1 started at 09:00h immediately after a monitored sleep period, whereas group 2 started 12 h later. Measures of interbeat intervals (IBI), respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA, a measure of parasympathetic activity), pre-ejection period (PEP, a measure of sympathetic activity), as well as core body temperature (CBT) were recorded continuously. Multilevel regression analyses (across-subjects) revealed significant (mainly 24h) sinusoidal circadian variation in the response to both stressors for IBI and RSA, but not for PEP. Individual 24 + 12 h cosine fits demonstrated a relatively large interindividual variation of the phases of the IBI and RSA rhythms, as compared to that of the CBT rhythm. Sinusoidal by group interactions were found for IBI and PEP, but not for RSA. These findings were interpreted as an indication for endogenous circadian and exogenous parasympathetic (vagal) modulation of cardiac reactivity, while sympathetic reactivity is relatively unaffected by the endogenous circadian drive and mainly influenced by exogenous factors}, keywords = {BLOOD-PRESSURE, Body Temperature, circadian rhythmicity, circadian variation, constant routine, constant routines, CONSTANT-ROUTINE, core body temperature, DISORDER, DISORDERS, Drive, endogenous, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE REACTIVITY, IMMUNE-RESPONSES, INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES, MYOCARDIAL-ISCHEMIA, Netherlands, NEUROENDOCRINE, parasympathetic activity, REACTIVITY, regression, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, RHYTHM, Sleep, stress reactivity, SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, sympathetic activity, TEMPERATURE, Time, Wakefulness}, url = {vuams-pubs/Van_Eekelen_2004.pdf}, address = {Univ Amsterdam, Dept Psychol, NL-1018 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands Univ Utrecht, Dept Hlth Psychol, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands MCH Westeinde, Ctr Sleep \& Wake Disorders, The Hague, Netherlands}, ISSN = {0742-0528}, author = {van Eekelen, A.P.J. and Houtveen, J.H. and Kerkhof, G.A.} } @Article { Dekkers2004, title = {Elevated sympathetic nervous system activity in patients with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis with active disease}, journal = {Clin.Exp.Rheumatol.}, year = {2004}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {63--70}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) nervous system activity in patients with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to analyze the association between activity of these systems and disease activity, and complaints that frequently occur in RA, viz., pain, fatigue, negative mood, and stiffness. METHODS: To assess sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activity, the Pre-Ejection-Period (PEP) and Respiratory Sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were measured on two consecutive nights in a real-life environment in 25 patients with RA [19 female (f), 6 male (m), mean age 55.2 years) and 28 healthy controls (20f, 8m, mean age 55.8 years]. RESULTS: Patients showed a significantly shorter PEP (reflecting elevated SNS activity) compared to healthy controls, an effect that was most pronounced in those with active disease. RSA and the heart period did not differ between patients and healthy controls. The heart period was significantly associated with stiffness, but neither PEP nor RSA were associated with pain, fatigue, mood, or stiffness. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that cardiac sympathetic nervous system activity is elevated in RA, whereas cardiac parasympathetic activity remains at a normal level. Our results suggest that inflammatory stress rather than the common symptoms of RA challenge the SNS}, keywords = {Arrhythmia,Sinus, Arthritis,Rheumatoid, Disease, Environment, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, methods, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology, physiopathology, psychology, Sympathetic Nervous System, Ventricular Dysfunction,Left}, address = {Department of Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. c.dekkers.emgo@med.vu.nl}, author = {Dekkers, J.C. and Geenen, R. and Godaert, G.L. and Bijlsma, J.W. and Van Doornen, L.J.} } @Article { Burgess2004, title = {Estimating cardiac autonomic activity during sleep: impedance cardiography, spectral analysis, and Poincare plots}, journal = {Clin.Neurophysiol.}, year = {2004}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {19--28}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare noninvasive measures of cardiac autonomic activity during sleep. METHODS: The absolute and normalized (n.u.) high and low frequency peaks from the spectral analysis of R-R intervals (HF, LF, HFn.u., LFn.u.), LF/HF ratio, pre-ejection period (PEP) from impedance cardiography, and the autocorrelation coefficient (rRR) as illustrated in Poincare plots were measured during night-time sleep in 9 young healthy subjects. Heart rate and blood pressure were also recorded. RESULTS: Heart rate was significantly associated with cardiac sympathetic activity (PEP, average r=-0.46), but not with cardiac parasympathetic activity (HF, average r=-0.17). rRR was significantly associated with heart rate (average r=0.41), and LF/HF (average r=0.69), but not with PEP or HF. From NREM to REM sleep, heart rate, LFn.u., LF and rRR significantly increased, HFn.u. significantly decreased, LF/HF showed an increasing trend (P=0.07) and PEP showed a decreasing trend (P=0.06). Blood pressure and HF were highly variable without significant changes from NREM to REM sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac parasympathetic activity (HF) does not vary greatly between sleep stages. Cardiac sympathetic activity (PEP) decreases linearly during sleep. rRR and LF/HF can track sympathovagal changes during sleep, but cannot differentiate between changes in cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the different measures are discussed}, keywords = {Adult, analysis, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, Cardiography,Impedance, Data Interpretation,Statistical, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, innervation, Male, methods, physiology, Pressure, Sleep, Sleep,Rem}, url = {vuams-pubs/Burgess_2004.pdf}, address = {Research Laboratory on Sleep, Chronobiology and Neuroendocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. hburgess@rush.edu}, author = {Burgess, H.J. and Penev, P.D. and Schneider, R. and E., Van Cauter} } @Article { Kupper2004, title = {Heritability of ambulatory heart rate variability}, journal = {Circulation}, year = {2004}, volume = {110}, number = {18}, pages = {2792--2796}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is a prognostic factor for cardiac disease and cardiac mortality. Understanding the sources of individual differences in HRV may increase its diagnostic use and provide new angles for preventive therapy. To date, the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the variance in HRV has not been investigated during prolonged periods of ambulatory monitoring in a naturalistic setting. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 772 healthy twins and singleton siblings, ambulatory ECG was recorded during 24 hours. Two time domain measures of HRV were used: the standard deviations of all normal-to-normal intervals across 5-minute segments (SDNN index) and the root mean square of successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals (RMSSD). Multivariate genetic analyses across 4 periods of day (morning, afternoon, evening, night) yielded significant estimates for genetic contribution to the mean ambulatory SDNN index (ranging from 35\% to 47\%) and the mean ambulatory RMSSD (ranging from 40\% to 48\%). CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory HRV measures are highly heritable traits that can be used to support genetic association and linkage studies in their search for genetic variation influencing cardiovascular disease risk}, keywords = {Adult, AMBULATORY MONITORING, Circadian Rhythm, Disease, Electrocardiography,Ambulatory, Female, Genetic Variation, genetics, Genotype, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, Male, methods, Netherlands, physiology, RATE-VARIABILITY, Research, Risk, Siblings, therapy, Time, Twins, Twins,Dizygotic, Twins,Monozygotic, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Kupper_2004.pdf}, address = {Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. hm.kupper@psy.vu.nl}, author = {Kupper, N.H. and Willemsen, G. and den Berg M., van and Boer D., de and Posthuma, D. and Boomsma, D.I. and De Geus, E.J.} } @Article { Riese2004, title = {Job strain in relation to ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability among female nurses}, journal = {Scand.J.Work Environ.Health}, year = {2004}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {477--485}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of exposure to job strain on independent predictors of cardiovascular disease (ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability). METHODS: The participants comprised a homogeneous group of 159 healthy female nurses [mean age 35.9 (SD 8.5) years]. The choice of this population minimized variance attributable to gender, socioeconomic status, and work characteristics. Job demands, decision latitude, and social support were measured with the Karasek job content questionnaire, which was administered twice with an average interval of 12.2 months. The nurses' scores for job demands and decision latitude on both occasions were used to define their job-strain category. Ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability were assessed on a workday and a day of leisure. RESULTS: No effect on the ambulatory levels of blood pressure, heart rate, or heart rate variability was found for job strain by itself or in interaction with social support. In addition, job strain was not associated with differences in short-term or long-term physiological recovery during sleep after a workday or a day of leisure. High job demand was associated with higher systolic blood pressure at work and with higher diastolic blood pressure at work, but the latter association was found only when decision latitude was concurrently high, rather than low. CONCLUSIONS: High job strain among young female nurses is not associated with an unfavorable ambulatory cardiovascular profile. The robust effect of job strain on male health appears to be less apparent for women}, keywords = {Adaptation,Psychological, Adult, adverse effects, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD-PRESSURE, Cardiovascular Diseases, Disease, epidemiology, Female, HEALTHY, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, LEVEL, Longitudinal Studies, Male, methods, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Netherlands, Nurses, Occupational Exposure, physiopathology, Pressure, prevention \& control, psychology, RATE-VARIABILITY, Regression Analysis, Research, Risk Factors, Sleep, Social Support, Stress,Psychological, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, Work, Workload}, url = {vuams-pubs/Riese_2004.pdf}, address = {Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. H.Riese@med.rug.nl}, author = {Riese, H. and Van Doornen, L.J. and Houtman, I.L. and De Geus, E.J.} } @Article { Scheer2004, title = {Light and diurnal cycle affect autonomic cardiac balance in human; possible role for the biological clock}, journal = {Auton.Neurosci.}, year = {2004}, volume = {110}, number = {1}, pages = {44--48}, abstract = {The morning shift in cardiac sympatho-vagal balance seems involved in the increased risk of cardiovascular incidents at that time. To investigate the contribution of the biological clock in autonomic cardiac control, we investigated the presence of a diurnal rhythm independent of external factors, and of a circadian phase-dependent effect of moderate light in healthy volunteers. Recordings of heart rate (HR) and vagal and sympathetic cardiac tone were performed at different times over the day-night cycle during supine, awake, resting conditions, during exposure to different light intensities. The similarity between the diurnal rhythm in resting HR and that during previous constant routine conditions, demonstrated that our setup allowed accurate estimation of the endogenous circadian rhythm in HR. The present study suggests that, while a circadian rhythm in vagal cardiac tone is the main cause for the circadian rhythm in resting heart rate, the increase in sympathetic cardiac tone participates in the HR increase caused by early morning light}, keywords = {Adult, Affect, Biological Clocks, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, innervation, Light, Male, Netherlands, Photic Stimulation, Photoperiod, physiology, radiation effects, Sympathetic Nervous System, Time, Vagus Nerve}, url = {vuams-pubs/Scheer_2004.pdf}, address = {Project Group Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. fscheer@rics.bwh.harvard.edu}, author = {Scheer, F.A. and Van Doornen, L.J. and Buijs, R.M.} } @Article { Vrijkotte2004, title = {Overcommitment to work is associated with changes in cardiac sympathetic regulation}, journal = {Psychosomatic Medicine}, year = {2004}, volume = {66}, number = {5}, pages = {656--663}, abstract = {Objective: Work stress is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity to work-related stressors or incomplete recovery after work is a proposed mechanism underlying this increase in risk. This study examined the effects of work stress on 24-hour profiles of the pre-ejection period (PEP), a measure of cardiac sympathetic activity, obtained from ambulatory measurement of the impedance cardiogram. Methods: A total of 67 male white-collar workers (age 47.1 +/- 5.2) underwent ambulatory monitoring on 2 workdays and I non-workday. Work stress was defined according to Siegrist's model as 1) a combination of high effort and low reward at work (high imbalance) or 2) an exhaustive work-related coping style (high overcommitment). Results: High overcommitment was associated with shorter absolute PEP levels during all periods on all 3 measurement days, reduced wake-to-sleep PEP differences and reduced PEP variability, as indexed by the SD. Conclusions: Overcommitment to work was associated with an increase in basal sympathetic drive and a reduction in the dynamic range of cardiac sympathetic regulation. Both findings are compatible with the hypothesis that overcommitment induces beta-receptor down-regulation}, keywords = {ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION, AMBULATORY BLOOD-PRESSURE, ambulatory impedance cardiogram, AMBULATORY MONITORING, BETA-ADRENERGIC INFLUENCES, cardiovascular, cardiovascular reactivity, CATECHOLAMINE RESPONSES, Disease, Down-Regulation, Drive, IMPEDANCE CARDIOGRAPHY, ionotropic cardiac regulation, ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE, LEVEL, Male, methods, NERVOUS-SYSTEM, Netherlands, pre-ejection period, PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, REACTIVITY, recovery, Reward, Risk, Stress, sympathetic activity, SYSTOLIC-TIME INTERVALS, Time, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, Work, work stress}, url = {vuams-pubs/Vrijkotte_2004.pdf}, address = {Acad Med Ctr, Dept Publ Hlth \& Epidemiol, NL-1100 DE Amsterdam, Netherlands Acad Med Ctr, Dept Social Med, NL-1100 DE Amsterdam, Netherlands Univ Utrecht, Dept Hlth Psychol, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Biol Psychol, NL-1}, ISSN = {0033-3174}, author = {Vrijkotte, T.G.M. and van Doornen, L.J.P. and de Geus, E.J.C.} } @Article { KunzEbrechtMFKS2003, title = {Cortisol responses to mild psychological stress are inversely associated with proinflammatory cytokines}, journal = {Brain, Behavior, and Immunity}, year = {2003}, month = {10}, volume = {17}, number = {5}, pages = {373–383}, abstract = {Glucocorticoids can down-regulate immune activity, but acute stress has been reported to increase both cortisol and levels of plasma cytokines. We investigated individual differences in cortisol responses and their associations with proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), cardiovascular activity, and mental health. Saliva samples and blood were taken from 199 healthy middle-aged participants of the Whitehall II cohort at baseline, immediately after stress and 45 min later. We defined the 40\% of participants with the highest cortisol response to stress as the cortisol responder group and 40\% with the lowest response as the cortisol non-responder group. Plasma IL-6 was higher and the IL-1ra response to stress was greater in the cortisol non-responder group. The cortisol non-responders showed lower heart rate variability than the cortisol responders. The cortisol responder group experienced more subjective stress during the tasks and reported more impaired mental health than the non-responders. We conclude that individual variations in neuroendocrine stress responsivity may have an impact on proinflammatory cytokines, and that both high and low cortisol stress responsiveness has potentially adverse effects.}, keywords = {Salivary cortisol; Cytokines; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; Heart rate variability; Mental stress; Mental health}, url = {vuams/pubs/Kunz-Ebrecht.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159103000291}, DOI = {10.1016/S0889-1591(03)00029-1}, author = {Kunz-Ebrecht, Sabine R and Mohamed-Ali, Vidya and Feldman, Pamela J and Kirschbaum, Clemens and Steptoe, Andrew} } @Article { Bosch2003, title = {Acute stress evokes selective mobilization of T cells that differ in chemokine receptor expression: a potential pathway linking immunologic reactivity to cardiovascular disease}, journal = {Brain Behav.Immun.}, year = {2003}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {251--259}, abstract = {T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages are the most abundant cells found in the atherosclerotic plaque. These cells can migrate towards the activated endothelium through the local release of chemotactic cytokines, or chemokines. Given the important role of leukocyte migration in atherosclerosis and the role of stress in mediating leukocyte trafficking, the present study examined the effects of an acute stressor on the redistribution of T cells (CD3+) and monocytes that express the chemokine receptors CCR5, CCR6, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, and CXCR4. Forty-four undergraduate students underwent a public speaking task. The acute stressor induced sympathetic cardiac activation, parasympathetic cardiac withdrawal, lymphocytosis, and monocytosis (all p<.001). Although the total number of T lymphocytes did not change, there was a selective increase in the number of circulating T cells expressing CXCR2, CXCR3, and CCR5. The ligands of these receptors are chemokines known to be secreted by activated endothelial cells. Analyses of individual differences in stress-induced responses demonstrated a positive relationship between sympathetic cardiac reactivity and mobilization of the various T cell subsets (.350.05). As the decrease in pre-ejection period is likely to have resulted from a decrease in blood pressure, these results do not confirm an effect of melatonin on cardiac sympathetic activity. However, the results do clearly indicate that melatonin is unlikely to drive the previously observed presleep increase in cardiac parasympathetic activity}, keywords = {administration \& dosage, Administration,Oral, Adult, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, Body Temperature, Drive, Drug Administration Schedule, drug effects, Electrocardiography, Female, Foot, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, innervation, Male, Melatonin, metabolism, pharmacology, physiology, Pressure, Saliva, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Universities}, url = {vuams-pubs/Harris_2001.pdf}, address = {Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, 5011, Australia}, author = {Harris, A.S. and Burgess, H.J. and Dawson, D.} } @Article { Burgess2001, title = {The relationship between slow-wave activity, body temperature, and cardiac activity during nighttime sleep}, journal = {Sleep}, year = {2001}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, pages = {343--349}, abstract = {STUDY OBJECTIVES: Recent work indicates that cardiac sympathetic activity is not influenced by the circadian system and instead decreases after sleep onset. However, little is known about the pattern of change in cardiac sympathetic activity during NREM/REM sleep cycles and whether this is associated with alterations in slow-wave activity (SWA). To address these questions, we examined SWA, cardiac sympathetic activity, heart rate and rectal and foot temperatures during the first three NREM/REM sleep cycles and during transitions between NREM and REM sleep. DESIGN: Subjects were required to maintain a constant sleep-wake cycle for at least a week and have at least one adaptation night, before their night of recording. SETTING: Individual temperature controlled bedrooms. PARTICIPANTS: 10 young healthy males and females. INTERVENTIONS: NA. MEASUREMENTS and RESULTS: All variables showed the greatest change in the first NREM cycle. Specifically, SWA, sympathetic activity, heart rate and foot temperature increased while rectal temperature decreased. After the initial increase, cardiac sympathetic activity decreased across the sleep phase, in association with a decrease in heart rate. Cardiac sympathetic activity did not significantly alter across NREM-REM cycles. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that increases in heart rate and cardiac sympathetic activity early in the sleep period are, in part, a compensatory reaction to the concomitant thermoregulatory changes observed. These results also indicate that the effect of time asleep on cardiac sympathetic activity may be greater than the influence of sleep cycles. These results are discussed with reference to the recuperative value of naps}, keywords = {Adult, Body Temperature, Circadian Rhythm, Electrocardiography, Female, Foot, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, physiology, Rectum, Sleep, Sleep,Rem, Time, Time Factors, Work}, url = {vuams-pubs/Burgess_2001.pdf}, address = {Centre for Sleep Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of South Australia. hburgess@rush.edu}, author = {Burgess, H.J. and Holmes, A.L. and Dawson, D.} } @Incollection { Vrijkotte2001a, title = {Cardiovascular reactivity to work stress assessed by ambulatory blood pressue, heart rate, and heart rate variability}, year = {2001}, pages = {345--360}, keywords = {blood, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, methods, RATE-VARIABILITY, Stress, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, Work}, url = {vuams-pubs/Vrijkotte_2001.pdf}, editor = {Fahrenberg, J. and Myrtek, M.}, publisher = {Hogrefe \& Huber}, address = {Seattle}, booktitle = {Progress in ambulatory assessment. Computer assisted psychological and psychophysiological methods in monitoring and field studies.}, author = {Vrijkotte, T.G.M and Riese, H. and de Geus, E.J.C} } @Article { BoomsmaBvDKdS2000, title = {Netherlands twin family study of anxious depression (NETSAD)}, journal = {Twin Research}, year = {2000}, month = {12}, day = {1}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {323-334}, abstract = {In a longitudinal study of Dutch adolescent and young adult twins, their parents and their siblings, questionnaire data were collected on depression, anxiety and correlated personality traits, such as neuroticism. Data were collected by mailed surveys in 1991, 1993, 1995 and 1997. A total of 13 717 individuals from 3344 families were included in the study. To localise quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in anxiety and depression, the survey data were used to select the most informative families for a genome–wide search. For each individual a genetic factor score was computed, based on a genetic multivariate analysis of anxiety, depression, neuroticism and somatic anxiety. A family was selected if at least two siblings (or DZ twins) had extreme factor scores. Both discordant (high–low) and concordant (high–high and low–low) pairs were included in the selected sample. Once an extreme sibling pair was selected, all family members (parents and additional siblings of the selected pair) who had at least once returned a questionnaire booklet were asked to provide a DNA sample. In total, 2724 individuals from 563 families (1007 parents and 1717 offspring) were approached and 1975 individuals from 479 families (643 patients and 1332 offspring) complied by returning a buccal swab for DNA isolation. All offspring from selected families were asked to participate in a psychiatric interview and in a 24–hour ambulatory assessment of cardiovascular parameters and cortisol. The interview consisted of the WHO–Composite International Diagnostic Interview and was administered to 1253 offspring. In this paper we describe the genetic– epidemiological analyses of the survey data on anxiety, somatic anxiety, neuroticism and depression. We detail how these data were used to select families for the QTL study and discuss strategies that may help elucidate the molecular pathways leading from genes to anxious depression.}, keywords = {CIDI; QTL finding; anxious depressed; genetic factor scores; heritability; neuroticism; selection; twin–sibling study}, url = {vuams-pubs/Boomsma.pdf}, web_url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aap/twr/2000/00000003/00000004/art00018}, DOI = {10.1375/136905200320565300}, author = {Boomsma, D.I. and Beem, A.L. and van den Berg, M. and Dolan, C.V. and Koopmans, J.R. and de Geus, E.J.C. and Slagboom, P.E.} } @Article { Vrijkotte2000, title = {Effects of work stress on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability}, journal = {Hypertension}, year = {2000}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {880--886}, abstract = {Work stress has repeatedly been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. This study tested whether this relationship could be explained by exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity to work or impaired recovery in leisure time. Vagal tone was assessed as a possible determinant of these work stress effects. Participants included 109 male white-collar workers (age, 47.2 +/- 5.3) who were monitored on 2 workdays and 1 nonworkday for ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Chronic work stress was defined according to Siegrist's model as (1) high imbalance, a combination of high effort and low reward at work, or (2) high overcommitment, an exhaustive work-related coping style indexing the inability to unwind. All findings were adjusted for possible differences in posture and physical activity between the work stress groups. High imbalance was associated with a higher heart rate during work and directly after work, a higher systolic blood pressure during work and leisure time, and a lower 24-hour vagal tone on all 3 measurement days. Overcommitment was not associated with an unfavorable ambulatory profile. Logistic regression analysis revealed that heart rate [odds ratio 1-SD increase 1.95 (95\% Cl, 1.02 to 3.77)] and vagal tone [odds ratio I-SD decrease 2.67 (95\% Cl, 1.24 to 5.75)] were independently associated with incident mild hypertension. Surprisingly, the values during sleep were more predictive for mild hypertension than the values during work. The results from the present study suggest that the detrimental effects of work stress are partly mediated by increased heart rate reactivity to a stressful workday, an increase in systolic blood pressure level, and lower vagal tone}, keywords = {analysis, blood, Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Monitoring,Ambulatory, BLOOD-PRESSURE, cardiovascular, cardiovascular reactivity, CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS, Disease, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Hypertension, hypertension,detection and control, hypertension,mild, JOB STRAIN, LEVEL, Male, MEN, mild hypertension, Netherlands, PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY, Posture, Pressure, PROGRESSION, RATE-VARIABILITY, RATIO, REACTIVITY, recovery, regression, Regression Analysis, Reward, Risk, Sleep, Stress, Time, VAGAL TONE, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY, WHETHER, Work, work stress, WORKPLACE DEMANDS}, url = {vuams-pubs/Vrijkotte_2000.pdf}, address = {Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Biol Psychol, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands Univ Utrecht, Dept Hlth Psychol, Utrecht, Netherlands}, ISSN = {0194-911X}, author = {Vrijkotte, T.G.M. and van Doornen, L.J.P. and de Geus, E.J.C.} } @Article { Bosch2000, title = {Salivary MUC5B-mediated adherence (ex vivo) of Helicobacter pylori during acute stress}, journal = {Psychosom.Med.}, year = {2000}, volume = {62}, number = {1}, pages = {40--49}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Biochemical host defenses at mucosal sites, such as the oral cavity, play a key role in the regulation of microbial ecology and the prevention of infectious disease. These biochemical factors have distinct features, some of which benefit the host and some that benefit bacteria. We investigated the effects of acute stress on the salivary levels of the carbohydrate structure sulfo-Lewis (sulfo-Le), which is linked to the mucosal glycoprotein MUC5B. Sulfo-Le was recently identified as an adhesion molecule for Helicobacter pylori; therefore, we also measured saliva-mediated adherence (ex vivo) of H. pylori. The oral cavity is suspected to be involved in the transmission of H. pylori. METHODS: Saliva was collected from 17 undergraduates before (baseline), during (stress), and after (recovery) exposure to a video showing surgical procedures. In addition, blood pressure, an impedance cardiogram, and an electrocardiogram were recorded. RESULTS: During stressor exposure, participants reported increased state anxiety. In addition, stroke volume increased and heart rate decreased. The stressor induced a strong increase in salivary sulfo-Le concentration (U/ml), sulfo-Le output (U/min), sulfo-Le/total protein ratio (U/mg protein), and saliva-mediated adherence (ex vivo) of H. pylori. As expected, sulfo-Le concentration correlated with the adherence of H. pylori (r = 0.72, p < .05). It was demonstrated that the observed adherence was induced by MUC5B and that the carbohydrate structure sulfo-Le contributed to this process. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated a direct link between stress-mediated biochemical changes and altered host-microbe interactions in humans. Increased bacterial adherence may be a contributing factor in the observed relationship between stress and susceptibility to infectious disease}, keywords = {Acute-Phase Reaction, Adolescent, Adult, analysis, Anxiety, Bacterial Adhesion, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD-PRESSURE, Cell Adhesion Molecules, chemistry, Disease, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Glycosylation, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, Helicobacter pylori, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin A,Secretory, immunology, Inflammation, Inflammation Mediators, LEVEL, Male, metabolism, methods, microbiology, Mucins, Netherlands, physiology, Pilot Projects, Pressure, psychology, Questionnaires, RATIO, Research, Saliva, Salivary Proteins and Peptides, secretion, Stress, Stress,Psychological, Stroke Volume}, url = {vuams-pubs/Bosch_2000.pdf}, address = {Department of Oral Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ja.bosch.obc.acta@med.vu.nl}, author = {Bosch, J.A. and De Geus, E.J. and Ligtenberg, T.J. and Nazmi, K. and Veerman, E.C. and Hoogstraten, J. and Amerongen, A.V.} } @Article { Scheer1999, title = {Light and diurnal cycle affect human heart rate: Possible role for the circadian pacemaker}, journal = {Journal of Biological Rhythms}, year = {1999}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {202--212}, abstract = {Humans and animals demonstrate diurnal rhythms in physiology and behavior, which are generated by the circadian pacemaker, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The endogenous diurnal rhythm of the SCN is synchronized to the diurnal cycle most effectively by light. However, light also influences the SCN and its output instantaneously, as is demonstrated for the immediate effects of Light on SCN neuronal firing frequency and on the output of the SCN to the pineal, inhibiting melatonin secretion. In addition to this, the circadian pacemaker modulates neuronally also other organs such as the adrenal. Therefore, the authors investigated the effect of this light input to the SCN on human heart rate, using Light at different phases of the day-night cycle and light of different intensities. Resting heart rate (HR) was measured in volunteers between 20 and 40 years of age during supine, awake, resting conditions, and after 2 hours of fasting. In Experiment 1, HR was measured at different times over the day-night cycle at 0 lux and at indoor light. In Experiment 2, HR was measured at different times over the day-night cycle at controlled light intensities of 0 lux, 100 lux, and 800 lux. The authors demonstrate a clear diurnal rhythm in resting HR in complete darkness, similar to that measured under constant routine conditions. Second, it is demonstrated that light increases resting HR depending on the phase of the day-night cycle and on the intensity of light. These data strongly suggest that the circadian pacemaker modulates human HR}, keywords = {Affect, Animals, BLOOD-PRESSURE, cardiovascular, Circadian Rhythm, constant routine, endogenous, Heart, Heart Rate, HEART-RATE, Humans, Hypertension, HYPERTENSIVE RATS, illumination, Light, LOCOMOTOR-ACTIVITY, masking, Melatonin, MELATONIN SUPPRESSION, MEN, MESSENGER-RNA, Netherlands, NEURAL CONTROL, NEURONS, physiology, RHYTHM, SCN, secretion, SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS CELLS, Time}, url = {vuams-pubs/Scheer_1999.pdf}, address = {Netherlands Inst Brain Res, Project Grp Hypothalam Integrat Mechanisms, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands Free Univ Amsterdam, Res Grp Psychon, Amsterdam, Netherlands}, ISSN = {0748-7304}, author = {Scheer, F.A.J.L. and van Doornen, L.J.P. and Buijs, R.M.} } @Article { Ring1999, title = {Secretory immunoglobulin A and cardiovascular activity during mental arithmetic and paced breathing}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {1999}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, pages = {602--609}, abstract = {The role of the autonomic nervous system in secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) responses to laboratory challenge was explored in a study in which sIgA and cardiovascular activity were recorded at rest and during mental arithmetic and paced breathing. These tasks were selected to preferentially engage the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, respectively. Mental arithmetic elicited a mixed pattern of increased alpha- and beta-adrenergic activity and a reduction in parasympathetic activity; diastolic blood pressure, total peripheral resistance, and systolic blood pressure increased, preejection period shortened, and heart rate variability decreased. In contrast, paced breathing primarily elicited an increase in parasympathetic activity; heart rate variability increased. Mental arithmetic also provoked an increase in sIgA concentration but no change in saliva volume, whereas paced breathing affected neither sIgA concentration nor saliva volume. These data suggest that sIgA responses to laboratory challenges are mediated by sympathetic rather than parasympathetic processes}, keywords = {Adult, Analysis of Variance, Autonomic Nervous System, blood, Blood Pressure, BLOOD-PRESSURE, Breathing Exercises, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Exercise, Heart, Heart Rate, heart rate variability, HEART-RATE, HEART-RATE-VARIABILITY, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin A,Secretory, Laboratories, Male, metabolism, Parasympathetic Nervous System, physiology, physiopathology, Pressure, Problem Solving, RATE-VARIABILITY, Rest, Saliva, Stress,Physiological, Universities, VARIABILITIES, VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Ring_1999.pdf}, address = {School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, England. c.m.ring@bham.ac.uk}, author = {Ring, C. and Carroll, D. and Willemsen, G. and Cooke, J. and Ferraro, A. and Drayson, M.} } @Article { Hornsveld1997, title = {Hyperventilation syndrome: An elegant but scientifically untenable concept}, journal = {Netherlands Journal of Medicine}, year = {1997}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {13--20}, abstract = {The concept of hyperventilation and the principle of a vicious circle provide an elegant explanation for the development of a wide range of somatic and psychological symptoms, the so-called hyperventilation syndrome (HVS). The model has a high degree of credibility and has led to the development of therapeutic interventions that appeared beneficial. However, recent investigations dismiss hyperventilation as an important symptom-producing mechanism. First, the hyperventilation provocation test appears to be invalid as a diagnostic test. Second, studies using ambulant monitoring of pCO(2) demonstrate that the vast majority of real-life attacks are not attended by decreases in pCO(2). Third, the evaluation of therapy outcome studies indicate that the beneficial effect of breathing retraining is probably nor mediated by reducing the tendency to hyperventilate. We conclude that a diagnosis of HVS should be avoided}, keywords = {AGORAPHOBIA, COMPLAINTS, diagnosis, GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER, Hyperventilation, hyperventilation syndrome, HYPOCHONDRIASIS, Netherlands, panic, PANIC DISORDER, pCO(2), psychosomatic symptoms, SYMPTOMS, therapy, Time, VOLUNTARY HYPERVENTILATION}, url = {vuams-pubs/Hornsveld_Garssen_1997.pdf}, address = {SLOTERVAART HOSP,DEPT MED PSYCHOL,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS HELEN DOWNLING INST,ROTTERDAM,NETHERLANDS}, ISSN = {0300-2977}, author = {Hornsveld, H. and Garssen, B.} } @Article { WillemsendKVC1996, title = {Ambulatory monitoring of the impedance cardiogram}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, year = {1996}, number = {33}, pages = {184--193}, abstract = {The growing need for more advanced ambulatory monitoring has led to the development of an ambulatory monitor for impedance cardiography (VU-AMD). This paper presents two studies addressing the validity of the VU-AMD. In the first study, the cardiovascular responses of 25 subjects during various conditions were simultaneously recorded with the VU-AMD and a standard laboratory impedance device. Correlations between the responses of the ambulatory and laboratory devices were high, both inter- and intraindividually, except for stroke volume and cardiac output during exercise. In the second study, 26 subjects underwent 24-hr monitoring with the VU-AMD. The values obtained with the VU-AMD were realistic and varied in a predictable way over activity and posture. It is concluded that the VU-AMD is a valid device for the measurement of systolic time intervals in real-life situations, but its applicability for absolute stroke volume and cardiac output determination remains to be established}, affiliation = {VRIJE UNIV AMSTERDAM,DEPT PSYCHON,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS}, keywords = {AMBULATORY MONITORING;BAND;BETA-ADRENERGIC INFLUENCES;cardiac output;cardiovascular;ELECTRODES;Exercise;Heart Rate;HEART-RATE;IMPEDANCE CARDIOGRAPHY;Laboratories;motility;Posture;RESISTIVITY;RESPONSES;SPOT;Stress;Stroke Volume;systolic time intervals;Time;VARIABILITY}, url = {vuams-pubs/Willemsen_1996.pdf}, author = {Willemsen, GHM and de Geus, EJC and Klaver, CHAM and VanDoornen, LJP and Carroll, D} } @Incollection { Geus1996, title = {Ambulatory assessment of parasympathetic/sympathetic balance by impedance cardiography}, year = {1996}, pages = {141--163}, keywords = {methods}, url = {vuams-pubs/DeGeus_vanDoornen_1996.pdf}, editor = {J., Fahrenberg and M., Myrtek}, publisher = {Hogrefe \& Huber}, address = {Gottingen, Germany}, booktitle = {Ambulatory assessment: Computer-assisted psychological and psychophysiological methods in monitoring and field studies}, author = {de Geus, E.J.C. and van Doornen, L.J.P.} } @Article { DeGeus1995, title = {Ambulatory measurement of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and respiration rate}, journal = {Biol.Psychol.}, year = {1995}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, pages = {205--227}, abstract = {The present study describes a device (AMD43) for ambulatory measurement of respiration rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia from the combined electrocardiogram (ECG) and thoracic impedance signals. Respiratory time intervals derived from this ambulatory device closely corresponds to those derived from simultaneous recordings with a 'classical' laboratory set-up. Good cross-instrument comparison was also found for respiratory sinus arrhythmia parameters derived with both the peak-to-trough and spectral analyses methods. It is discussed how simultaneous measurement of respiration rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia may be used to assess cardiac vagal tone in real-life situations}, keywords = {Adult, Arrhythmia,Sinus, diagnosis, Electrocardiography,Ambulatory, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, instrumentation, Laboratories, Male, methods, Monitoring,Ambulatory, Netherlands, physiology, physiopathology, Respiration, Respiratory Function Tests, RESPIRATORY SINUS ARRHYTHMIA, Time, Time Factors}, url = {vuams-pubs/DeGeus_1995.pdf}, address = {Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, author = {De Geus, E.J. and Willemsen, G.H. and Klaver, C.H. and Van Doornen, L.J.} } @Article { Garssen1994, title = {Ambulatory Measurement of Transcutaneous Pco(2)}, journal = {Journal of Psychophysiology}, year = {1994}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {231--240}, abstract = {Equipment has for some time been available for ambulatory measurement of aspects of respiration, such as rate, depth, minute volume, irregularity and sighs, but not until recently for arterial Pco(2). A system for ambulatory measurement of transcutaneous Pco(2) (P(tc)co(2)) has been developed and is tested in the present study The P(tc)co(2) gives an accurate estimate of end-tidal Pco(2); correlation coefficients were between .95 and 1.00. Response of the P(tc)co(2) measuring device was rather delayed: the time elapsing between a sudden change in arterial Pco(2) and the monitor output showing the correct value +/- 10\% was about two to three minutes. However, hyperventilation episodes lasting as little as 1.5 minutes could be easily detected. This method offers interesting opportunities for research in clinical psychophysiology}, keywords = {ADULTS, AMBULATORY MONITORING, CUTANEOUS CARBON-DIOXIDE, GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER, Hyperventilation, hyperventilation syndrome, INTENSIVE-CARE, OXYGEN, P(TC)CO(2), PANIC DISORDER, PCO2, Psychophysiology, Research, Respiration, Time, TRANSCUTANEOUS PCO(2), VOLUNTARY HYPERVENTILATION}, url = {vuams-pubs/Garssen_1994.pdf}, address = {FREE UNIV AMSTERDAM,INST RES EXTRAMURAL MED,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS FREE UNIV AMSTERDAM,DEPT PSYCHIAT,1007 MC AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS UNIV AMSTERDAM,DEPT MED PSYCHOL,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS SLOTERVAART HOSP,AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS FREE UNIV AMSTERDAM,DEPT PSYCHOL}, ISSN = {0269-8803}, author = {Garssen, B. and Buikhuisen, M. and Hornsveld, H. and Klaver, C. and van Doornen, L.} } @Article { Doornen1994, title = {The relationship between stress reactivity in the laboratory and in real-life: Is reliability the limiting factor?}, journal = {J.Psychophysiology}, year = {1994}, volume = {8}, pages = {xx--xx}, keywords = {Laboratories, Stress}, author = {van Doornen, L.J.P. and Knol, D.L. and Willemsen, G. and de Geus, E.J.C.} } @Incollection { Klaver1994, title = {Ambulatory Monitoring System}, year = {1994}, pages = {254--268}, keywords = {Computers, instrumentation, methods, psychology}, url = {vuams-pubs/Klaver_CIP_1993.pdf}, editor = {Maarsse, F.J. and Akkerman, A.E. and Brand, A.N. and Mulder, L.J.M. and van der Stelt, M.J.}, publisher = {Swets \& Zeitlinger}, address = {Amsterdam}, booktitle = {Computers in Psychology; applications, methods, and instrumentation}, author = {Klaver, C.H.A.M. and de Geus, E.J.C. and De Vries, J} }